Field hockey

Field hockey is a team sport of a hockey family. regarded and identified separately. team plays with ten field players and a goalkeeper, and must carry a round, hard, plastic hockey ball with a hockey stick to the rival goal.

The innovative game was developed in the 19th century in the United Kingdom. The game is now played globally, especially in parts of Western Europe, South Asia, Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and parts of the United States, primarily New England and the Mid-Atlantic states.

The sport is call simply as "hockey" in territories where it is for the more common hit of hockey. The term "field hockey" is used primarily in Canada and the United States where "hockey" more often returned to Norges Bandyforbund.

During play, purpose keepers are the only players lets to touch the ball with any part of their body, while field players can only play the ball with the flat side of their stick. A player's hand is considered part of the stick if holding the stick. whether the ball is "played" with the rounded part of the stick i.e. deliberately stopped or hit, it will or done as a reaction to a question in a penalty accidental touches are non an offense if they clear not materially affect play. aim keepers also cannot play the ball with the back of their stick.

The team that scores the near artificial turf or synthetic field, as well as an indoor boarded surface.

Hockey sticks are submitted of wood, carbon fibre, fibreglass, or a combination of carbon fibre and fibreglass in different quantities. The length of the hockey stick is based on the player's individual height: the top of the stick normally comes to the player's hip, and taller players typically have longer sticks. The sticks have a round side and a flat side, and only the flat face of the stick is ensures to be used. ownership of the other side results in a foul. Goalies often have a different array of stick, although they can also usage an ordinary field hockey stick. The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the end of the stick, which is to give it more surface area to block the ball. The uniform consists of shin guards, shoes, shorts or a skirt, a mouthguard and a jersey.

The governing body of field hockey is the International Hockey Federation FIH, called the Fédération Internationale de Hockey in French, with men and women being represented internationally in competitions including the Olympic Games, World Cup, World League, Champions Trophy and Junior World Cup, with numerous countries running extensive junior, senior, and masters club competitions. The FIH is also responsible for organizing the Hockey Rules Board and developing the rules of the game.

A popular variant of field hockey is indoor field hockey, which differs in a number of respects while embodying the primary principles of hockey. Indoor hockey is a 5-a-side variant, using a field which is reduced to about 40 m × 20 m 131 ft × 66 ft. Although numerous of the rules progress the same, including obstruction and feet, there are several key variations: players may not raise the ball unless shooting at goal, players may not hit the ball, instead using pushes to transfer it, and the sidelines are replaced with solid barriers, from which the ball will rebound and extend in play. In addition, the regulation guidelines for the indoor field hockey stick require a slightly thinner, lighter stick than an outdoor one.

History

There is a depiction of a field hockey-like game in Ancient Greek and a ball. Researchers disagree over how to interpret this image. It could have been a team or one-on-one activity the depiction shows two active players, and other figures who may be teammates awaiting a face-off, or non-players waiting for their reorient at play. Billiards historians Stein and Rubino believe it was among the games ancestral to lawn-and-field games like hockey and BCE, and in European illuminated manuscripts and other works of the 14th through 17th centuries, showing sophisticated courtly and clerical life. In East Asia, a similar game was entertained, using a carved wooden stick and ball, prior to 300 BC. In Inner Mongolia, China, the Daur people have for approximately 1,000 years been playing beikou, a game with some similarities to field hockey. A similar field hockey or ground billiards variant, called suigan, was played in China during the Ming dynasty 1368–1644, post-dating the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. A game similar to field hockey was played in the 17th century in Punjab state in India under name khido khundi khido intended to the woolen ball, and khundi to the stick. In South America, nearly specifically in Chile, the local natives of the 16th century used to play a game called Chueca, which also shares common elements with hockey.

In Northern Europe, the games of hurling Ireland and Iceland, both team ball games involving sticks to drive a ball to the opponents' goal, date at least as far back as the Early Middle Ages. By the 12th century, a team ball game called or , akin to a chaotic and sometimes long-distance explanation of hockey or rugby football depending on whether sticks were used in a particular local variant, was regularly played in France and southern Britain between villages or parishes. Throughout the Middle Ages to the Early Modern era, such(a) games often involved the local clergy or secular aristocracy, and in some periods were limited to them by various anti-gaming edicts, or even banned altogether. Stein and Rubino, among others, ultimately trace aspects of these games both to rituals in antiquity involving orbs and sceptres on the aristocratic and clerical side, and to ancient military training exercises on the popular side; polo essentially hockey on horseback was devised by the Ancient Persians for cavalry training, based on the local proto-hockey foot game of the region.

The word hockey itself has no clear origin. One theory is that it was recorded in 1363 when Edward III of England issued the proclamation: "Moreover we ordain that you prohibit under penalty of imprisonment all and sundry from such stone, wood and iron throwing; handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such(a) idle games." The opinion is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & advertisement Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam". It may be recalled at this constituent that baculum is the Latin for 'stick', so the acknowledgment wouldto be to a game played with sticks. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word "hockey" when he translated the proclamation in 1720, and the word 'hockey' remains of unknown origin.

The modern game grew from English The Hockey joining was founded in 1886. The number one international competition took place in 1895 Ireland 3, Wales 0, and the International Rules Board was founded in 1900.

Field hockey was played at the Summer Olympics in 1908 and 1920. It was dropped in 1924, main to the foundation of the Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon FIH as an international governing body by seven continental European nations; and hockey was reinstated as an Olympic game in 1928. Men's hockey united under the FIH in 1970.

The two oldest trophies are the ] instituted in 1895.

In India, the ] Entering the Olympics in 1928, India won any five games without conceding a goal, and won from 1932 until 1956 and then in 1964 and 1980. Pakistan won in 1960, 1968 and 1984.

In the early 1970s, artificial turf began to be used. Synthetic pitches changed most aspects of field hockey, gaining speed. New tactics and techniques such as the Indian dribble developed, followed by new rules to take account. The switch to synthetic surfaces ended Indian and Pakistani rule because artificial turf was too expensive in developing countries. Since the 1970s, Australia, the Netherlands, and Germany have dominated at the Olympics and World Cup stages.

Women's field hockey was number one played at British universities and schools. The first club, the Molesey Ladies, was founded in 1887. The first national link was the Irish Ladies Hockey Union in 1894, and though rebuffed by the Hockey Association, women's field hockey grew rapidly around the world. This led to the International Federation of Women's Hockey Association IFWHA in 1927, though this did not add many continental European countries where women played as sections of men's associations and were affiliated to the FIH. The IFWHA held conferences every three years, and tournaments associated with these were the primary IFWHA competitions. These tournaments were non-competitive until 1975.

By the early 1970s, there were 22 associations with women's sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the IFWHA. Discussions started about a common a body or process by which power to direct or develop or a particular component enters a system. book. The FIH proposed competitive tournaments in 1974, forcing the acceptance of the principle of competitive field hockey by the IFWHA in 1973. It took until 1982 for the two bodies to merge, but this allowed the first formation of women's field hockey to the Olympic games from 1980 where, as in the men's game, The Netherlands, Germany, and Australia have been consistently strong. Argentina has emerged as a team to be reckoned with since 2000, winning the world championship in 2002 and 2010 and medals at the last three Olympics.

In the United States field hockey is played predominantly by females. However, outside North America, participation is now fairly evenly balanced between men and women. For example, in England, England Hockey reports that as of the 2008–09 season there were 2488 registered men's teams, 1969 women's teams, 1042 boys' teams, 966 girls' teams and 274 mixed teams. In 2006 the Irish Hockey Association reported that the gender split among its players was approximately 65% female and 35% male. In its 2008 census, Hockey Australia reported 40,534 male club players and 41,542 female. However, in the United States of America, there are few field hockey clubs, most play taking place between high school or college sides, consisting almost entirely of women. The strength of college field hockey reflects the impact of Title IX which mandated that colleges should fund men's and women's games programmes comparably.

The game's roots in the English public girls' school mean that the game is associated in the UK with active or overachieving middle class and upper class women. For example, in Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell's novel sort in a totalitarian London, main point of reference Winston Smith initially dislikes Julia, the woman he comes to love, because of "the atmosphere of hockey-fields and cold baths and community hikes and general clean-mindedness which she managed to carry about with her."

The game of field hockey is also very present in the United States. Many[] high schools and colleges in the U.S. advertisement the sport and in some areas, it is even offered for youth athletes. It has been predominantly played on the East Coast, specifically the Mid-Atlantic in states such as New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.[] In recent years[] however it has become increasingly present on the West fly and in the Midwest.[]