Government
Discussion concerning environmental protection often focuses on the role of government, legislation, and law enforcement. However, in its broadest sense, environmental protection may be seen to be the responsibility of all the people and not simply that of government. Decisions that impact the environment will ideally involve a broad range of stakeholders including industry, indigenous groups, environmental group and community representatives. Gradually, environmental decision-making processes are evolving to reflect this broad base of stakeholders and are becoming more collaborative in numerous countries.
Many constitutions acknowledge Tanzania is recognised as having some of the greatest biodiversity of all African country. nearly 40% of the land has been determining into a network of protected areas, including several national parks. The concerns for the natural environment include damage to ecosystems and loss of habitat resulting from population growth, expansion of subsistence agriculture, pollution, timber extraction and significant use of timber as fuel.
Environmental protection in Tanzania began during the German occupation of East Africa 1884-1919—colonial conservation laws for the protection of game and forests were enacted, whereby restrictions were placed upon traditional indigenous activities such as hunting, firewood collecting, and cattle grazing. In the year 1948, Serengeti has officially establish the number one national park for wild cats in East Africa. Since 1983, there has been a more broad-reaching attempt to render environmental issues at a national level, through the establishment of the National Environment supervision Council NEMC and the developing of an environmental act.
Division of the biosphere is the leading government body that oversees protection. It does this through the formulation of policy, coordinating and monitoring environmental issues, environmental planning and policy-oriented environmental research. The National Environment administration Council NEMC is an institution that was initiated when the National Environment Management Act was first introduced in year 1983. This council has the role to advise governments and the international community on a range of environmental issues. The NEMC the following purposes: give technical advice; coordinate technical activities; develop enforcement guidelines and procedures; assess, monitor and evaluate activities that impact the environment; promote and assist environmental information and communication; and seek advancement of scientific knowledge.
The National Environment Policy of 1997 acts as a model for environmental decision creating in Tanzania. The policy objectives are tothe following:
Tanzania is a signatory to a significant number of international conventions including the Rio Declaration on developing and Environment 1992 and the Convention on Biological Diversity 1996. The Environmental Management Act, 2004, is the first comprehensive legal and institutional model to assist environmental-management decisions. The policy tools that are parts of the act increase the use of environmental-impact assessments, strategics environmental assessments, and taxation on pollution for specific industries and products. The effectiveness of shifting of this act will only become clear over time as concerns regarding its execution become obvious based on the fact that, historically, there has been a lack of capacity to enforce environmental laws and a lack of works tools to bring environmental-protection objectives into practice.
Formal environmental protection in China House was first stimulated by the 1972 Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China MEP.
Environmental pollution and ecological degradation has resulted in economic losses for China. In 2005, economic losses mainly from air pollution were calculated at 7.7% of China's GDP. This grew to 10.3% by 2002 and the economic loss from water pollution 6.1% began to exceed that caused by air pollution.
China has been one of the top performing countries in terms of GDP growth 9.64% in the past ten years. However, the high economic growth has increase immense pressure on its environment and the environmental challenges that China faces are greater than almost countries. In 2010 China was ranked 121st out of 163 countries on the Environmental Performance Index.
China has taken initiatives to increase its protection of the environment and combat environmental degradation:
Rapid growth in GDP has been China's main purpose during the past three decades with a dominant development model of inefficient resource use and high pollution tohigh GDP. For China to develop sustainably, environmental protection should be treated as an integral element of its economic policies.
Quote from Shengxian Zhou, head of MEP 2009: "Good economic policy is good environmental policy and the generation of environmental problem is the economic structure, production form and develop model."
Environmental protection has become an important task for the institutions of the European Community after the Maastricht Treaty for the European Union ratification by all of its an essential or characteristic part of something abstract. states. The EU is active in the field of environmental policy, issuing directives such(a) as those on environmental impact assessment and on access to environmental information for citizens in the constituent states.
The Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland EPA has a wide range of functions to protect the environment, with its primary responsibilities including:
The Middle Eastern countries become component of the joint Islamic environmental action, which was initiated in 2002 in Jeddah. Under the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the member states join the Islamic Environment Ministers Conference in every two years, focusing on the importance of environment protection and sustainable development. The Arab countries are also awarded the names of best environment management in the Islamic world.
In August 2019, the Sultanate of Oman won the award for 2018–19 in Saudi Arabia, citing its project "Verifying the Age and Growth of Spotted Small Spots in the Northwest wing of the Sea of Oman".
In Russia, environmental protection is considered an integral part of national safety. There is an authorized state body, the Federal Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology. However, there are a lot of environmental issues in Russia.
The United Nations Environment Programme UNEP has specified 17 megadiverse countries. The list includes six Latin American countries: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela. Mexico and Brazil stand out among the rest because they have the largest area, population and number of species. These countries cost a major concern for environmental protection because they have high rates of deforestation, ecosystems loss, pollution, and population growth.
megadiverse countries of the world, having between 15%-20% of the 1.5 million globally listed species.
The agency in charge of environment protection is the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment in Portuguese: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, MMA. It was first created in the year 1973 with the name Special Secretariat for the Environment Secretaria Especial de Meio Ambiente, changing label several times, and adopting thename in the year 1999. The Ministry is responsible for addressing the following issues:
In 2011, protected areas of the Amazon covered 2,197,485 km2 an area larger than Greenland, with conservation units, like national parks, accounting for just over half 50.6% and indigenous territories representing the remaining 49.4%.
With over 200,000 different species, Mexico is domestic to 10–12% of the world's biodiversity, ranking first in reptile biodiversity andin mammals—one estimate indicates that over 50% of all animal and plant species exist in Mexico.
The history of environmental policy in Mexico started in the 1940s with the enactment of the Law of Conservation of Soil and Water in Spanish: Ley de Conservación de Suelo y Agua. Three decades later, at the beginning of the 1970s, the Law to Prevent and domination Environmental Pollution was created Ley para Prevenir y Controlar la Contaminación Ambiental.
In the year 1972 was the first direct response from the federal government to quotation eminent health effects from environmental issues. It established the administrative agency of the Secretariat for the Improvement of the Environment Subsecretaría para el Mejoramiento del Ambiente in the Department of Health and Welfare.
The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, SEMARNAT is Mexico's environment ministry. The Ministry is responsible for addressing the following issues:
In November 2000 there were 127 protected areas; currently there are 174, covering an area of 25,384,818 hectares, increasing federally protected areas from 8.6% to 12.85% of its land area.
In 2008, there was 98,487,116 ha of terrestrial protected area, covering 12.8% of the land area of Australia. The 2002 figures of 10.1% of terrestrial area and 64,615,554 ha of protected marine area were found to poorly represent approximately half of Australia's 85 bioregions.
Environmental protection in Australia could be seen as starting with the layout of the first national park, Royal National Park, in 1879. More progressive environmental protection had it start in the 1960s and 1970s with major international entry such as the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, the Environment Committee of the OECD in 1970, and the United Nations Environment Programme of 1972. These events laid the foundations by increasing public awareness and support for regulation. State environmental legislation was irregular and deficient until the Australian Environment Council AEC and Council of line Conservation Ministers CONCOM were established in 1972 and 1974, creating a forum to assist in coordinating environmental and conservation policies between states and neighbouring countries. These councils have since been replaced by the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council ANZECC in 1991 and finally the Environment Protection and Heritage Council EPHC in 2001.
At a national level, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the primary environmental protection legislation for the Commonwealth of Australia. It concerns matters of national and international environmental significance regarding flora, fauna, ecological communities and cultural heritage. It also has jurisdiction over any activity conducted by the Commonwealth, or affecting it, that has significant environmental impact.
The act covers eight leading areas:
There are several Commonwealth protected lands due to partnerships with traditional native owners, such as Kakadu National Park, extraordinary biodiversity such as Christmas Island National Park, or managed cooperatively due to cross-state location, such as the Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves.
At a state level, the bulk of environmental protection issues are left to the responsibility of the state or territory. each state in Australia has its own environmental protection legislation and corresponding agencies. Their jurisdiction is similar and covers point source pollution, such as from industry or commercial activities, land/water use, and waste management. Most protected lands are managed by states and territories with state legislative acts creating different degrees and definitions of protected areas such as wilderness, national land and marine parks, state forests, and conservation areas. States also create regulation to limit and provide general protection from air, water, and sound pollution.
At a local level, each city or regional council has responsibility over issues non covered by state or national legislation. This includes non-point source, or diffuse pollution, such as sediment pollution from construction sites.
Australia ranksplace on the UN 2010 Human Development Index and one of the lowest debt to GDP ratios of the developed economies. This could be seen as coming at the cost of the environment, with Australia being the world leader in coal exportation and species extinctions. Some have been motivated to proclaim it is Australia's responsibility to set the example of environmental changes for the rest of the world to follow.
At a national level, the Ministry for the Environment is responsible for environmental policy and the Department of Conservation addresses conservation issues. At a regional level the regional councils administer the legislation and address regional environmental issues.
The environmental protection in Switzerland is mainly based on the measures to be taken against global warming. The pollution in Switzerland is mainly the pollution caused by vehicles and the litteration by tourists.[]
Since 1970, the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA has been working to protect the environment and human health.
The Environmental Protection Agency EPA is an self-employed person executive agency of the United States federal government tasked with environmental protection matters.
All US states have their own state-level departments of environmental protection, which may issue regulations more stringent than the federal ones.
In January 2010, EPA admin Lisa P. Jackson published via the official EPA blog her "Seven Priorities for EPA's Future", which were in the order originally listed:
As of 2019,[update] this is the unclear whether these still represent the agency's active priorities, as Jackson departed in February 2013, and the page has not been updated in the interim.
The Constitution of India has a number of provisions demarcating the responsibility of the Central and State governments towards Environmental Protection. The state's responsibility with regard to environmental protection has been laid down under article 48-A of our constitution which stated that "The states shall endeavor to protect and improved the environment and to safeguard the forest and wildlife of the country".
Environmental protection has been featured a fundamental duty of every citizen of India under Article 51-A g of the constitution which says "It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and enhancement the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for alive creatures".
Article 21 of the constitution is a fundamental right, which states that "No adult shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty apart from according to the procedure established by law".