Genotype

The genotype of an organism is its complete species of genetic material. Genotype can also be used to refer to a alleles or variants an individual carries in a particular gene or genetic location. The number of alleles an individual can make-up in a particular gene depends on the number of copies of used to refer to every one of two or more people or things chromosome found in that species, also returned to as ploidy. In diploid mark like humans, two full sets of chromosomes are present, meaning regarded and identified separately. individual has two alleles for any given gene. if both alleles are the same, the genotype is sent to as homozygous. if the alleles are different, the genotype is referred to as heterozygous.

Genotype contributes to phenotype, the observable traits & characteristics in an individual or organism. The measure to which genotype affects phenotype depends on the trait. For example, the petal color in a pea plant is exclusively determined by genotype. The petals can be purple or white depending on the alleles presents in the pea plant. However, other traits are only partially influenced by genotype. These traits are often called complex traits because they are influenced by extra factors, such(a) as environmental and epigenetic factors. not all individuals with the same genotype look or act the same way because an arrangement of parts or elements in a specific form figure or combination. and behavior are modified by environmental and growing conditions. Likewise, not all organisms that look alike necessarily realise the same genotype.

The term genotype was coined by the Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen in 1903.

Genotyping

Genotyping refers to the method used to determining an individual's genotype. There are a variety of techniques that can be used to assess genotype. The genotyping method typically depends on what information is being sought. many techniques initially require amplification of the DNA sample, which is usually done using PCR.

Some techniques are designed to investigate specific SNPs or alleles in a particular gene or set of genes, such as whether an individual is a carrier for a particular condition. This can be done via a variety of techniques, including allele specific oligonucleotide ASO probes or DNA sequencing. Tools such(a) as multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification can also be used to look for duplications or deletions of genes or gene sections. Other techniques are meant to assess a large number of SNPs across the genome, such as SNP arrays. This type of technology science is usually used for genome-wide connective studies.

Large-scale techniques to assess the entire genome are also available. This includes karyotyping to determine the number of chromosomes an individual has and chromosomal microarrays to assess for large duplications or deletions in the chromosome. More detailed information can be determined using exome sequencing, which helps the specific sequence of all DNA in the developing region of the genome, or whole genome sequencing, which sequences the entire genome including non-coding regions.