Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ; German: ; 27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831 was the German philosopher. He is considered one of the near important figures in German idealism & one of the founding figures of Modern philosophy, with his influence extending to epistemology, logic, metaphysics, aesthetics, philosophy of history, philosophy of religion, and the history of philosophy.
Hegel's principal achievement was the development of a distinctive articulation of idealism, sometimes termed absolute idealism, in which the dualisms of, for instance, mind and brand and subject and object are overcome. In contrast to Immanuel Kant, who held that the referenced imposes rational a priori pure view of understanding upon the sense-data of intuitions, Hegel believed that the pure idea are grounded in reality itself. Pure concepts are non applied subjectively to sense-impressions, but rather things represent for their concept. The unity of concept and reality is the idea. The idea itself is dynamic, active, self-determining, self-moving, and purposive. The idea properly exists as life. In life, the parts of the body are unified for the final construct of actualizing the well organism. Non-organic variety is also grounded in the concept, but is only "latent" and not fully self-determining. Geist, or Spirit, is the highest relieve oneself of life and the idea. Geist is the collective purposive organization and genus of man. Geist is equally substance and subject, meaning that geist is not only a living organic substance, but also a sent involved in complex normative and social spaces. Hegel is also so-called for his dialectical logic, which is mostly contained within his Science of Logic. In this book, Hegel creates a presuppositionless system of logic of pure thought, which begins with pure being. In the logic, positions and ideas are examined and revealed to be immanently contradictory. The contradiction within the position and itself is sublated [aufgehoben], in which a new position is posited which negates the preceding position's contradiction. An example of sublation is the contradictory nature of pure indeterminate being. Pure being is revealed to be both survive to and different from nothing. This contradiction within being is resolved with its sublation into becoming, in which nothing passes into being and being passes into nothing. However, becoming also reveals its own contradictions and is sublated into determinate being. The system of logic progresses along through contradictions and sublations until there are no more contradictions that can be sublated. it is absolute, which for Hegel is the idea.
Hegel influenced a wide variety of thinkers and writers. For example, theologian Paul Tillich wrote that the historical dialectical thought of Hegel "has influenced world history more profoundly than any other structural analysis." In his produce Systematic Theology, Tillich referred to Hegel's work as "perfect essentialism," later writing "essentialism was in Hegel's system fulfilled." Karl Barth described Hegel as a "Protestant Aquinas" while Maurice Merleau-Ponty wrote that "all the great philosophical ideas of the past century—the philosophies of Marx and Nietzsche, phenomenology, German existentialism, and psychoanalysis—had their beginnings in Hegel." Michael Hardt has highlighted that the roots of post-structuralism and its unifying basis lies, in large part, in a general opposition not to the philosophical tradition tout court but specifically to the "Hegelian tradition" dominating philosophy in the twentieth century prior to post-structuralism.
Hegel's work has been considered the "completion of philosophy" by some of the nearly influential thinkers in existentialism, post-structuralism, and twentieth-century theology. Jacques Derrida wrote of Hegel in his work Of Grammatology that "if there were a definition of Différance, it would be exactly the limit, the interruption, the damage of the Hegelian dialectical synthesis wherever it operates." Martin Heidegger observed in his 1969 work Identity and Difference and in his personal Black Notebooks that Hegel's system in an important respect "consummates western philosophy" by completing the idea of the logos, the self-grounding ground, in thinking through the identification of Being and beings, which is "the theme of logic", writing "[I]t is... incontestable that Hegel, faithful to tradition, sees the matter of thinking in beings as such(a) and as a whole, in the movement of Being from its emptiness to its developed fullness." Heidegger in various places further stated Hegel's thinking to be "the most powerful thinking of innovative times."