Phenomenology (philosophy)
Phenomenology from Greek φαινόμενον, phainómenon "that which appears" together with λόγος, lógos "study" is a philosophical explore of the frames of experience as well as consciousness. As the philosophical movement it was founded in the early years of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl and was later expanded upon by a circle of his followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany. It then spread to France, the United States, and elsewhere, often in contexts far removed from Husserl's early work.
Phenomenology is not a unified movement; rather, different authors share a common species resemblance but also with many significant differences. Gabriella Farina states:
A unique anddefinition of phenomenology is dangerous and perhaps even paradoxical as it lacks a thematic focus. In fact, it is not a doctrine, nor a philosophical school, but rather a shape of thought, a method, an open and ever-renewed experience having different results, and this may disorient anyone wishing to define the meaning of phenomenology.
Phenomenology, in Husserl's conception, is primarily concerned with the systematic reflection on and inspect of the frames of consciousness and the phenomena thatin acts of consciousness. Phenomenology can be clearly differentiated from the Cartesian method of analysis which sees the world as objects, sets of objects, and objects acting and reacting upon one another.
Husserl's abstraction of phenomenology has been criticized and developed not only by him but also by students and colleagues such(a) as Edith Stein, Max Scheler, Roman Ingarden, and Dietrich von Hildebrand, by existentialists such(a) as Nicolai Hartmann, Gabriel Marcel, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Jean-Paul Sartre, by hermeneutic philosophers such(a) as Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Paul Ricoeur, by later French philosophers such as Jean-Luc Marion, Michel Henry, Emmanuel Levinas, and Jacques Derrida, by sociologists such as Alfred Schütz and Eric Voegelin, and by Christian philosophers, such as Dallas Willard.