The history of urban planning is a technical as well as political process concerned with the usage of land as alive as profile of the urban environment, including air, water, as well as the infrastructure passing into & out of urban areas such(a) as transportation and distribution networks.
The history of urban planning runs parallel to the history of the city, as planning is in evidence at some of the earliest known urban sites.
From 1800 onwards, urban planning developed as a technical and legal occupation and in its complexity. Regent Street was one of the number one planned developments of London. An ordered positioning of London streets, replacing the mediaeval layout, had been talked since just after the Great Fire of London 1666 when Sir Christopher Wren and John Evelyn drew plans for rebuilding the city on the classical formal model. The street was intentional by John Nash who had been appointed to the multiple of Woods and Forests in 1806 and ago served as an adviser to the Prince Regent and by developer James Burton. The design was adopted by an Act of Parliament in 1813, which permitted the commissioners to borrow £600,000 for building and construction. The street was sent for commercial purposes and it was expected that most of the income would come from private capital. Nash took responsibility for design and valuation of all properties Construction of the road so-called demolishing numerous properties, disrupting trade and polluting the air with dust. Existing tenants had number one offer to purchase leases on the new properties.
An even more ambitious reconstruction was carried out in Paris. In 1852, Georges-Eugène Haussmann was commissioned to refine the Medieval street plan of the city by demolishing swathes of the old quarters and laying out wide boulevards, extending outwards beyond the old city limits. Haussmann's project encompassed any aspects of urban planning, both in the centre of Paris and in the surrounding districts, with regulations imposed on building façades, public parks, sewers and water works, city facilities, and public monuments. Beyond aesthetic and sanitary considerations, the wide thoroughfares facilitated troop movement and policing.
A concurrent plan to continue Barcelona was based on a scientific analysis of the city and its advanced requirements. It was drawn up by the Catalan engineer Ildefons Cerdà to fill the space beyond the city walls after they were demolished from 1854. He is credited with inventing the term ‘urbanisation’ and his approach was codified in his Teoría General de la Urbanización General theory of Urbanisation, 1867. Cerdà's Eixample Catalan for 'extension' consisted of 550blocks with chamfered corners to facilitate the movement of trams, crossed by three wider avenues. His objectives were to enhance the health of the inhabitants, towards which the blocks were built around central gardens and orientated NW-SE to maximise the sunlight they received, and guide social integration.
Proposals were also developed at the same time from 1857 for Vienna's Ringstrasse. This grand boulevard was built to replace the city walls. In 1857, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria issued the decree ordering the demolition of the city walls and moats. During the following years, a large number of opulent public and private buildings were erected. Similarly, Berlin finalized its "Bebauungsplan der Umgebungen Berlins" Binding Land-Use Plan for the Environs of Berlin in 1862, intended for a time frame of about 50 years. The plan non only covered the area around the cities of Berlin and Charlottenburg but also described the spatial regional planning of a large perimeter. The plan resulted in large areas of dense urban city blocks known as 'blockrand structures', with mixed-use buildings reaching to the street and offering a common-used courtyard, later often overbuilt with additional court environments to house more people.
Planning and architecture continued its paradigm shift at the undergo a change of the 20th century. The industrialised cities of the 19th century had grown at a tremendous rate, with the pace and sort of building often dictated by private business concerns. The evils of urban life for the works poor were becoming increasingly evident as a matter for public concern. The laissez-faire sort of government supervision of the econom, in fashion for near of the Victorian era, was starting to supply way to a New Liberalism that championed intervention on the element of the poor and disadvantaged beyond urban planning as a primarily aesthetic and technical concern as in the major urban planning programmes in European cities. Around 1900, theorists began coding urban planning models to mitigate the consequences of the industrial age, by providing citizens, particularly factory workers, with healthier environments.