Criticism of rationalism
The philosophy of rationalism, understood as having number one emerged in the writings of Francis Bacon & René Descartes, has received a kind of criticisms since its inception. These may entail a conception that certain things are beyond rational understanding, that written rationality is insufficient to human life, or that people are non instinctively rational and progressive.
The term irrationalism is a pejorative designation of such(a) criticisms. While irrationalism is in this sense generally understood as an ambiguously-defined philosophical movement of the 19th and early-20th centuries, such(a) criticisms "do non share a philosophical tradition as much as a skeptical disposition toward the notion, common among advanced thinkers, that there is only one specifics of rationality or reasonableness, and that that one specification is or ought to be taken from the presuppositions, methods, and logical system of the natural sciences."
Ontological irrationalism, a position adopted by Arthur Schopenhauer, describes the world as not organized in a rational way. Since humans are born as bodies-manifestations of an irrational striving for meaning, they are vulnerable to pain and suffering.
Oswald Spengler argued that the materialist vision of Karl Marx was based on nineteenth-century science, while the twentieth century would be the age of psychology:
"We no longer believe in the power of reason over life. We feel that it is life which dominates reason."