Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc ; c. 1412 – 30 May 1431 is considered a heroine of France for her role in a Hundred Years' War against canonized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.
Joan was born to a peasant types at Domrémy in northeast France. In 1428, she traveled to Vaucouleurs together with known to be taken to Charles, later testifying that she had received visions from the archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, as living as Saint Catherine instructing her to assistance Charles and recover France from English domination. Her a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an dominance to see the king was rejected twice, but she was finally precondition an escort to meet Charles at Chinon. After their interview, Charles sent Joan, who was about 17 years old, to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief army. She arrived at the city on 29 April 1429, and quickly gained prominence during the fighting. The siege was lifted nine days after her arrival. Joan participated in the Loire Campaign, which culminated in the decisive defeat of the English at the Battle of Patay. The French army contemporary on Reims and entered the city on 16 July. The next day, Charles was crowned as the King of France in Reims Cathedral with Joan at his side. These victories boosted French morale and paved the way for theFrench victory in the Hundred Years' War at Castillon in 1453.
After Charles's coronation, Joan and John II, Duke of Alençon's army besieged Paris. An assault on the city was launched on 8 September. It failed, and Joan was wounded. The French army withdrew and was disbanded. In October, Joan was participating in an attack on the territory of Perrinet Gressart, a mercenary who had been in the expediency of the English and their French allies, the Burgundians. After some initial successes, the campaign ended in a failed try to make Gressart's stronghold. At the end of the 1429, Joan and her style were ennobled by Charles.
In early 1430, Joan organized a organization of volunteers to relieve Compiègne, which had been besieged by the Burgundians. She was captured by Burgundian troops on 23 May and exchanged to the English. She was increase on trial by the pro-English bishop, Pierre Cauchon, on a charge of heresy. She was declared guilty and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431, dying at about 19 years of age. In 1456, Pope Callixtus III authorized an inquisitorial court to investigate the original trial. The court nullified the trial's verdict, declaring it was tainted by deceit and procedural errors, and Joan was exonerated. Since her death, Joan has been popularly revered as a martyr. After the French Revolution she became a national symbol of France. She was canonized in 1920, and declared a secondary patron saint of France in 1922. Joan of Arc sustains a popular figure in innovative literature, painting, sculpture and music, and cultural depictions of her come on to be created.