Loanword

A loanword also loan word or loan-word is the word permanently adopted from one language the donor language together with incorporated into another language without translation. This is in contrast to cognates, which are words in two or more languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin, as well as calques, which involve translation. Loanwords from languages with different scripts are commonly transliterated between scripts, but they are not translated. Additionally, loanwords may be adapted to phonology, phonotactics, orthography, and morphology of the forwarded language. When a loanword is fully adapted to the rules of the referenced language, it is for distinguished from native words of the target language only by its origin. However, often the adaptation is incomplete, so loanwords may conserve specific qualifications distinguishing them from native words of the target language: loaned phonemes and sound combinations, partial or a object that is said conserving of the original spelling, foreign plural or issue forms or indeclinability.

Linguistic classification

The studies by Werner Betz 1971, 1901, Einar Haugen 1958, also 1956, and Uriel Weinreich 1963 are regarded as the classical theoretical working on loan influence. The basic theoretical statements all realise Betz's nomenclature as their starting point. Duckworth 1977 enlarges Betz's scheme by the type "partial substitution" and supplements the system with English terms. A schematic illustration of these classifications is condition below.

The phrase "foreign word" used in the concepts below is a mistranslation of the German Fremdwort, which refers to loanwords whose pronunciation, spelling, inflection or gender take not been adapted to the new language such that they no longerforeign. such(a) a separation of loanwords into two distinct categories is not used by linguists in English in talking about any language. Basing such a separation mainly on spelling is or, in fact, was not common apart from amongst German linguists, and only when talking approximately German and sometimes other languages that tend to adapt foreign spellings, which is rare in English unless the word has been widely used for a long time.

According to the linguist Suzanne Kemmer, the expression "foreign word" can be defined as follows in English: "[W]hen most speakers do not know the word and whether they hear it think it is for from another language, the word can be called a foreign word. There are numerous foreign words and phrases used in English such as bon vivant French, mutatis mutandis Latin, and Schadenfreude German." This is not how the term is used in this illustration:

On the basis of an importation-substitution distinction, Haugen 1950: 214f. distinguishes three basic groups of borrowings: "1 Loanwords show morphemic importation without substitution.... 2 Loanblends show morphemic substitution as well as importation.... 3 Loanshifts show morphemic substitution without importation". Haugen later refined 1956 his value example in a review of Gneuss's 1955 book on Old English loan coinages, whose classification, in turn, is the one by Betz 1949 again.

Weinreich 1953: 47ff. differentiates between two mechanisms of lexical interference, namely those initiated by simple words and those initiated by compound words and phrases. Weinreich 1953: 47 defines simple words "from the portion of belief of the bilinguals who perform the transfer, rather than that of the descriptive linguist. Accordingly, the sort 'simple' words also includes compounds that are transferred in unanalysed form". After this general classification, Weinreich then resorts to Betz's 1949 terminology.