Medicine

Medicine is the science together with practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, as well as promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a breed of health care practices evolved to keeps and restore health by the prevention together with treatment of illness. innovative medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, during most of which it was an art an area of skill and cognition frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of innovative science, nearly medicine has become a combination of art and science both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science. While stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the cognition of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine are now asked as traditional medicine or folk medicine, which remains normally used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. choice treatments outside of scientific medicine having safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

Branches

Working together as an surgeon's assistant, surgical technologist.

The scope and sciences underpinning human medicine overlap numerous other fields. Dentistry, while considered by some a separate discipline from medicine, is a medical field.

A patient admitted to the hospital is usually under the care of a particular team based on their leading presenting problem, e.g., the cardiology team, who then may interact with other specialties, e.g., surgical, radiology, to guide debug or treat the leading problem or any subsequent complications/developments.

Physicians pretend many specializations and subspecializations intobranches of medicine, which are pointed below. There are variations from country to country regarding which specialtiessubspecialties are in.

The main branches of medicine are:

In the broadest meaning of "medicine", there are numerous different specialties. In the UK, most specialities form their own body or college, which has its own entrance examination. These are collectively so-called as the Royal Colleges, although non all currently ownership the term "Royal". The development of a speciality is often driven by new engineering such as the development of powerful anaesthetics or ways of works such as emergency departments; the new specialty leads to the structure of a unifying body of doctors and the prestige of administering their own examination.

Within medical circles, specialities usually fit into one of two broad categories: "Medicine" and "Surgery". "Medicine" quoted to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most of its subspecialties require preliminary training in Internal Medicine. In the UK, this was traditionally evidenced by passing the examination for the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians MRCP or the equivalent college in Scotland or Ireland. "Surgery" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in General Surgery, which in the UK leads to membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England MRCS. At present, some specialties of medicine do not fit easily into either of these categories, such as radiology, pathology, or anesthesia. Most of these have branched from one or other of the two camps above; for example anaesthesia developed number one as a faculty of the Royal College of Surgeons for which MRCS/FRCS would have been required ago becoming the Royal College of Anaesthetists and membership of the college is attained by sitting for the examination of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Anesthetists FRCA.

Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help modernization bodily function or sorting or to repair unwanted ruptured areas for example, a perforated ear drum. Surgeons must also manage pre-operative, post-operative, and potential surgical candidates on the hospital wards. Surgery has many sub-specialties, including general surgery, ophthalmic surgery, cardiovascular surgery, colorectal surgery, neurosurgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, oncologic surgery, orthopedic surgery, otolaryngology, plastic surgery, podiatric surgery, transplant surgery, trauma surgery, urology, vascular surgery, and pediatric surgery. In some centers, anesthesiology is factor of the division of surgery for historical and logistical reasons, although it is for not a surgical discipline. Other medical specialties may employ surgical procedures, such(a) as ophthalmology and dermatology, but are not considered surgical sub-specialties per se.

Surgical training in the U.S. requires a minimum of five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties of surgery often require seven or more years. In addition, fellowships can last an additional one to three years. Because post-residency fellowships can be competitive, many trainees devote two extra years to research. Thus in some cases surgical training will not finish until more than a decade after medical school. Furthermore, surgical training can be very unmanageable and time-consuming.

Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of person diseases. According to some sources, an emphasis on internal executives is implied. In North America, specialists in internal medicine are commonly called "internists". Elsewhere, especially in Commonwealth nations, such specialists are often called physicians. These terms, internist or physician in the narrow sense, common outside North America, broadly exclude practitioners of gynecology and obstetrics, pathology, psychiatry, and especially surgery and its subspecialities.

Because their patients are often seriously ill or require complex investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Formerly, many internists were not subspecialized; such general physicians would see all complex nonsurgical problem; this breed of practice has become much less common. In modern urban practice, most internists are subspecialists: that is, they broadly limit their medical practice to problems of one organ system or to one particular area of medical knowledge. For example, gastroenterologists and nephrologists specialize respectively in diseases of the gut and the kidneys.

In the Commonwealth of Nations and some other countries, specialist pediatricians and geriatricians are also described as specialist physicians or internists who have subspecialized by age of patient rather than by organ system. Elsewhere, especially in North America, general pediatrics is often a form of primary care.