Occitan language
Italy Occitan Valleys Law number 482 of 15 December 1999
Occitan ; Occitan: occitan , also required as lenga d'òc Occitan: listen; Val d'Aran; collectively, these regions are sometimes described to as Occitània. it is also spoken in Southern Italy Calabria in the linguistic enclave of Cosenza area mostly Guardia Piemontese. Some add Catalan in Occitan, as the distance between this language as well as some Occitan dialects such(a) as the Gascon language is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century as living as still today supports its closest relative.
Occitan is an official language of Val d'Aran. Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred Linguistic communication for usage in the Val d'Aran.
Across history, the terms Limousin Lemosin, Languedocien Lengadocian, Gascon, & later Provençal Provençal, Provençau or Prouvençau throw been used as synonyms for the whole of Occitan; nowadays, "Provençal" is understood mainly as the Occitan dialect spoken in Provence, in southeast France.
Unlike other Romance languages such(a) as French or Spanish, there is no single written specifications language called "Occitan", and Occitan has no official status in France, home to almost of Occitania. Instead, there are competing norms for writing Occitan, some of which try to be pan-dialectal, whereas others are based on particular dialects. These efforts are hindered by the rapidly declining ownership of Occitan as a spoken language in much of southern France, as living as by the significant differences in phonology and vocabulary among different Occitan dialects.
According to the severely endangered, whereas the remaining two definitely endangered.
Codification
All regional varieties of the Occitan language take a a object that is said form; thus, Occitan can be considered as a Gramatica occitana segon los parlars lengadocians "Grammar of the Languedocien Dialect" by Dictionnaire occitan-français selon les parlers languedociens "French-Occitan dictionary according to Languedocien" by the same author 1966, completed during the 1970s with the works of ]. Standardization is mostly supported by users of the ] thusly reject the standardization process, and do non conceive Occitan as a language that can be standardized as per other standardized languages[].
There are two main linguistic norms currently used for Occitan, one invited as "classical", which is based on that of Medieval Occitan, and one sometimes known as "Mistralian", due to its use by Frédéric Mistral, which is based on innovative French orthography. Sometimes, there is clash between users of regarded and identified separately. system.
There are also two other norms but they have a lesser audience. The Escòla dau Pò norm or Escolo dóu Po norm is a simplified explanation of the Mistralian norm and is used only in the Occitan Valleys Italy, anyway the classical norm. The Bonnaudian norm or écriture auvergnate unifiée, EAU was created by Pierre Bonnaud and is used only in the Auvergnat dialect, besides the classical norm.
Note that Catalan version was translated from the Spanish, while the Occitan list of paraphrases were translated from the French. The second part of the Catalan version may also be rendered as "Són dotades de raó i de consciència, i els cal actuar entre si amb un esperit de fraternitat", showing the similarities between Occitan and Catalan.
Several IETF language subtags have been registered for the different orthographies:
The majority of scholars think that Occitan constitutes a single language. Some authors, constituting a minority, reject this abstraction and even the name Occitan, thinking that there is a style of distinct rather than dialects of a single language.
Many Occitan linguists and writers, especially those involved with the pan-Occitan movement centered on the ]
Some Provençal authors continue to support the image that Provençal is a separate language. Nevertheless, the vast majority of Provençal authors and associations think that Provençal is a part of Occitan.
This debate approximately the status of Provençal should not be confused with the debate concerning the spelling of Provençal.
For example, the classical system writes Polonha, whereas the Mistralian spelling system has Poulougno, for [puˈluɲo], 'Poland'.
The question of Val d'Aran Catalonia, Spain, adopted in 1990, says that Aranese is a part of Gascon and Occitan. A grammar of Aranese by Aitor Carrera, published in 2007 in Lleida, gave the same view.
The exclusion of Catalan from the Occitan sphere, even though Catalan is closely related, is justified because there has been a consciousness of its being different from Occitan since the later Middle Ages and because the elaboration Ausbau processes of Catalan and Occitan including Gascon have been quite distinct since the 20th century. Nevertheless, other scholars module out that the process that led to the affirmation of Catalan as a distinct language from Occitan started during the period when the pressure to include Catalan-speaking areas in a mainstream Spanish culture was at its greatest.
Theto the question of if ] Both studies supported the early intuition of the slow Kurt Baldinger, a specialist of both medieval Occitan and medieval Gascon, who recommended that Occitan and Gascon be classified as separate languages.