Open access

Open access OA is a style of principles in addition to a range of practices through which research outputs are distributed online, free of access charges or other barriers. With open access strictly defined according to the 2001 definition, or libre open access, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an open license for copyright.

The main focus of a open access movement is "peer reviewed research literature." Historically, this has centered mainly on print-based academic journals. Whereas non-open access journals advance publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, site licenses or pay-per-view charges, open-access journals are characterised by funding models which develope not require the reader to pay to read the journal's contents, relying instead on author fees or on public funding, subsidies in addition to sponsorships. Open access can be applied to any forms of published research output, including peer-reviewed and non peer-reviewed academic journal articles, conference papers, theses, book chapters, monographs, research reports and images.

Since the revenue of some open access journals are earned from publication fees charged from the authors, there are concerns approximately the set of articles published in OA journals.

Definitions

There are different models of open access publishing and publishers may use one or more of these models.

Different open access types are currently commonly target using a colour system. The most commonly recognised label are "green", "gold", and "hybrid" open access; however, a number of other models and alternative terms are also used.

In the gold OA model, the publisher allows all articles and related content usable for free immediately on the journal's website. In such publications, articles are licensed for sharing and reuse via creative commons licenses or similar.

The majority of gold open access journals which charge APCs are said to undertake an "author-pays" model, although this is non an intrinsic property of gold OA.

Self-archiving by authors is permitted under green OA. Independently from publication by a publisher, the author also posts the have to a website controlled by the author, the research house that funded or hosted the work, or to an self-employed grownup central open repository, where people can download the work without paying.

Green OA is gratis for the author. Some publishers less than 5% and decreasing as of 2014 may charge a fee for an additional utility such as a free license on the publisher-authored copyrightable portions of the printed relation of an article.

If the author posts the near-final relation of their work after peer review by a journal, the archived version is called a "postprint". This can be the accepted manuscript as mentioned by the journal to the author after successful peer review.

Hybrid open-access journals contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles. A publisher coming after or as a or situation. of. this usefulness example is partially funded by subscriptions, and only afford open access for those individual articles for which the authors or research sponsor pay a publication fee. Hybrid OA loosely costs more than gold OA and can offer a lower quality of service. A particularly controversial practice in hybrid open access journals is "double dipping", where both authors and subscribers are charged.

Bronze open access articles are free to read only on the publisher page, but lack a clearly identifiable license. Such articles are typically not available for reuse.

Journals which publish open access without charging authors article processing charges are sometimes referred to as diamond or platinum OA. Since they do not charge either readers or authors directly, such publishers often require funding from external authority such as the sale of advertisements, academic institutions, learned societies, philanthropists or government grants. Diamond OA journals are available for nearly disciplines, and are normally small <25 articles per year and more likely to be multilingual 38%.

The growth of unauthorized digital copying by large-scale copyright infringement has enabled free access to Sci-Hub. In some ways this is a large-scale technical carrying out of pre-existing practice, whereby those with access to paywalled literature would share copies with their contacts. However, the increased ease and scale from 2010 onwards have changed how numerous people treat subscription publications.

Similar to the free content definition, the terms 'gratis' and 'libre' were used in the BOAI definition to distinguish between free to read versus free to reuse. Gratis open access refers to online access free of charge, and libre open access refers to online access free of charge plus some extra re-use rights. Libre open access covers the kinds of open access defined in the Budapest Open Access Initiative, the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities. The re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various particular Creative Commons licenses; any of which require as a minimum attribution of authorship to the original authors. In 2012, the number of workings under libre open access was considered to have been rapidly increasing for a few years, though almost open access mandates did not enforce any copyright license and it was unoriented to publish libre gold OA in legacy journals. However, there are no costs nor restrictions for green libre OA as preprints can be freely self-deposited with a free license, and most open access repositories ownership Creative Commons licenses to permit reuse.

FAIR is an acronym for 'findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable', intended to more clearly define what is meant by the term 'open access' and make the concept easier to discuss. Initially submission in March 2016, it has subsequently been endorsed by organisations such as the European Commission and the G20.