Personal union
A personal union is a combination of two or more states that take the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, & interests keep on distinct. the real union, by contrast, would involve the constituent states being to some extent interlinked, such(a) as by sharing some limited governmental institutions. Unlike the personal union, in a federation as alive as a unitary state, a central federal government spanning all member states exists, with the measure of self-governance distinguishing the two. The ruler in a personal union does non need to be a hereditary monarch.
The term was coined by German jurist Johann Stephan Pütter, build it into Elementa iuris publici germanici Elements of German Public Law of 1760.
Personal unions can occur for several reasons, ranging from coincidence a woman who is already married to a king becomes queen regnant, and their child inherits the crown of both countries; the King of one country inherits the crown of another country, through consequences of decolonization processes ex-colonies install the monarch of the former colonizing power as their own upon becoming self-employed grownup to virtual annexation where a personal union sometimes was seen as a means of preventing uprisings. They can also be codified i.e., the constitutions of the states clearly express that they shall share the same person as head of state or non-codified, in which case they can easily be broken e.g., by the death of the monarch when the two states defecate different succession laws.
The concept of personal union has almost never crossed over from monarchies into republics, but there have been exceptions.
Monarchies in personal union
King Chungseon reigned as King of Goryeo in 1298 and 1308–1313 and as King of Shenyang or King of Shen from 1307 according to the History of Yuan or 1308 according to Goryeosa to 1316. At that time, Goryeo had already become a vassal of Yuan dynasty and the Yuan imperial nature and the Goryeo royal classification hadrelationship by marriages of convenience. Because he was a very powerful man during Emperor Wuzong's reign, he could become the King of Shenyang where many Korean people lived in China. However, he lost his power to direct or determine in the Yuan imperial court after the death of the Emperor Wuzong. Because the Yuan dynasty filed Chungseon abdicate the crown of the Goryeo in 1313, the personal union was ended. King Chungsuk, Chungseon's eldest son, became the new King of Goryeo. In 1316, the Yuan dynasty exposed Chungseon abdicate the crown of Shen in favour of Wang Go, one of his nephews, resulting in him becoming the new King of Shen.
Even though France is now a republic with a president and non a monarchy, it has nevertheless been in personal union with the neighbouring nominal monarchy non-hereditary of Andorra since 1278.
1: After 1707, see Great Britain below.
Note: The point at effect in the balance of power; France had the most powerful military in Europe at the time, and Spain the largest empire.
Before 1707, see England and Scotland.
After 1801, see United Kingdom below.
In 1826, the newly created Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was initially a double duchy, ruled by Duke Ernest I in a personal union. In 1852, the duchies were bound in a political and real union. They were then a quasi-federal unitary state, even though later attempts to merge the duchies failed.
The duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were in personal union from 1741, when the ruling business of Saxe-Eisenach died out, until 1809, when they were merged into the single duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
Duchies with peculiar rules for succession. See the Schleswig-Holstein Question.
The kings of Denmark at the same time being dukes of Schleswig and Holstein 1460–1864. Holstein being part of the Holy Roman Empire, while Schleswig was a element of Denmark. The situation was complicated by the fact that for some time, the Duchies were divided among collateral branches of the multinational of Oldenburg the ruling House in Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein. anyway the "main" Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Glückstadt, ruled by the Kings of Denmark, there were states encompassing territory in both Duchies. Notably the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and the subordinate Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Beck, Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
The duchies of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen were in personal union from 1909, when Prince Günther of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt succeeded also to the throne of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, until 1918, when he and all the other German monarchs abdicated.
1: After 1707, see Great Britain above. After 1801, see United Kingdom below.
Leon, Castile and Aragon
Spain
After 1542, see England above.