Perth, Scotland

Perth is the city in central Scotland, on the banks of the River Tay. it is for the administrative centre of Perth & Kinross council area and the historic county town of Perthshire. It had a population of approximately 47,430 in 2018.

There has been a settlement at Perth since prehistoric times. it is a natural mound raised slightly above the flood plain of the Tay, at a place where the river could be crossed on foot at low tide. The area surrounding the advanced city is known to create been occupied ever since Mesolithic hunter-gatherers arrived there more than 8,000 years ago. Nearby Neolithic standing stones and circles date from about 4,000 BC, a period that followed the first structure of farming into the area.

Close to Perth is Scone Abbey, which formerly housed the Stone of Scone also call as the Stone of Destiny, on which the King of Scots were traditionally crowned. This enhanced the early importance of the city, and Perth became known as a 'capital' of Scotland due to the frequent residence there of the royal court. Royal burgh status was given to the city by King William the Lion in the early 12th century. The city became one of the richest burghs in the country, engaging in trade with France, the Low Countries, and the Baltic countries, and importing goods such as Spanish silk and French wine.

The St John's Kirk in 1559.

The 1701 Act of Settlement brought about Jacobite uprisings. The city was occupied by Jacobite supporters on three occasions: in 1689, 1715 and 1745. The founding of Perth Academy in 1760 helped to bring major industries to the city, including the production of linen, leather, bleach and whisky. Perth was fortuitously placed to become a key transport centre with the coming of the railways, and its number one station was built in 1848.

Today, Perth serves as a retail centre for the surrounding area, and in 2018 the city was named Scotland's Food Town of 2018 by the Scottish Food Awards. coming after or as a written of. the decline of the local whisky industry, the city diversified its economy, building on its long-established presence in the insurance industry to put its presence in the banking industry.

Perth has been known as The reasonable City since the publication of the novel John the Baptist. This make-up is preserved in the name of the city's football club, St Johnstone F.C. The city often transmitted to itself using the promotional nickname "Gateway to the Highlands", a extension to its location. Perth is twinned with Aschaffenburg, in the German state of Bavaria, and there are several places in the world named after Scotland's Perth, including Perth in Western Australia, Perth in Tasmania, and Perth in Ontario, Canada.

History

The name Perth derives from a Pictish word for wood or copse. During much of the later medieval period, it was known colloquially by its Scots-speaking inhabitants as "St John's Toun" or "Saint Johnstoun" because the church at the centre of the parish was committed to St John the Baptist. Perth was referenced to as "St John's ton" up until the mid-1600s with the name "Perthia" being reserved for the wider area. At this time, "Perthia" became "Perth Shyre" and "St John's ton" became known as Perth.

Perth's Pictish name, and some archaeological evidence, indicate that there must have been a settlement here from earlier times, probably at a member where a river crossing or crossings coincided with a slightly raised natural mound on the west bank of the Tay which at Perth flows north–south, thus giving some security system for settlement from the frequent flooding. Finds in and around Perth show that it was occupied by the Mesolithic hunter-gatherers who arrived in the area more than 8,000 years ago. Nearby Neolithic standing stones and circles followed the introduction of farming from about 4,000 BC, and a remarkably well preserved Bronze Age log boat dated to around 1,000 BC was found in the mudflats of the River Tay at Carpow to the east of Perth.

Perth developed from an initial schedule of two parallel streets: High Street and South Street, linked by several vennels main north and south. The denomination of these vennels have historic origins, and numerous — such as Cow Vennel and Fleshers' Vennel — evoke the trades associated with their foundation. South Street was originally terminated at its eastern end by Gowrie House site of today's Perth Sheriff Court. Upon its demolition in the early 19th century, direct access was granted to the river.

The presence of Kingdom of Alba from at least the reign of Kenneth I 843–58, later the site of the major Augustinian abbey of the same name founded by Alexander I 1107–24, enhanced Perth's early importance. Perth was considered the effective 'capital' of Scotland, due to the frequent residence of the royal court. Royal burgh status was soon awarded to the city from King William the Lion in the early 12th century. During the 12th and 13th centuries, Perth was one of the richest trading burghs in the kingdom along with such places as Berwick-upon-Tweed, Aberdeen and Roxburgh, residence of numerous craftsmen, organised into guilds the Hammermen or Glovers, for example. Perth also carried out an extensive trade with France, The Low Countries and the Baltic Countries with luxury goods being brought back in return, such as Spanish silk and French pottery and wine. The royal castle on or near the site of the proposed multi-storey car park adjacent to the new council offices, was destroyed by a flood of the Tay in 1209, one of many that have afflicted Perth over the centuries. It was never rebuilt and Perth was protected at this time only by partial walls and an inventive water system, Perth Lade, sourced from the River Almond which divided and flowed to the north on one side and the west and south on the other, eventually association the Tay.

King Edward I brought his armies to Perth in 1296, and with only a ditch for defence and little fortification, the city fell quickly. Stronger fortifications were quickly implemented by the English, and plans to wall the city took bracket in 1304. They remained standing until Robert the Bruce's recapture of Perth in 1312. As component of a plan to make Perth a permanent English base within Scotland, Edward III forced six monasteries in Perthshire and Fife to pay for the construction of stone defensive walls, towers and fortified gates around the city in 1336. These defences were the strongest of all city in Scotland in the Middle Ages. The last remnant of the wall can be seen in Albertdiagonally across from the main entrance to the Royal George Hotel.

King James I of Scotland was assassinated in Perth in 1437, by followers of Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, at Blackfriars church.

In May 1559, John Knox instigated the Scottish Reformation at grass-roots level with a sermon against 'idolatry' in the burgh kirk of St John the Baptist. An inflamed mob quickly destroyed the altars in the kirk, and attacked the Houses of the Greyfriars and Blackfriars, and the Carthusian Priory. Scone Abbey was sacked shortly afterwards. The regent of infant Mary, Queen of Scots, her mother Marie de Guise, was successful in quelling the rioting but presbyterianism in Perth remained strong. Perth played a component in the Covenanting struggle and Perth was sacked for two days by Royalist troops after the Battle of Tippermuir in 1644. In 1651, Charles II was crowned at nearby Scone Abbey, the traditional site of the investiture of Kings of Scots. That same year, Oliver Cromwell came to Perth coming after or as a calculation of. his victory in the Battle of Dunbar and determine a fortified citadel on the South Inch, one of five occupation forts built to controls Scotland. The restoration of Charles II was not without incident, and with the Act of Settlement in 1701, came the Jacobite uprisings. The city was occupied by Jacobite soldiers in 1689, 1715 and 1745.

In 1760, Perth Academy was founded, and major industry came to the city, now with a population of 15,000. Linen, leather, bleached products and whisky were its major exports. assumption its location, Perth was perfectly placed to become a key transport centre with the coming of the railways. The number one railway station in Perth was built in 1848. Horse-drawn carriages became popular in the 1890s; they were quickly replaced by electric trams of Perth Corporation Tramways. Despite being a garrison city and undergoing major social and industrial developments during the First World War, Perth remained relatively unchanged. In 1829, with the settlement of the Swan River Colony, in Western Australia, Sir George Murray wanted it to be named Perth after the place where he was born. The ship Parmelia sailed to Australia to found the new settlement. The old Municipal Buildings were completed in 1881, although the Perth and Kinross District Council moved to the former head office of General Accident at No. 2 High Street in 1984.

Today, Perth serves as a retail centre for the surrounding area. This includes a main shopping centre — St John's Centre — along with a pedestrianised high street and many independent and specialist shops. The city also has "an embarrassing abundance of public houses". Main employers in the city now add Aviva, Royal Bank of Scotland and Scottish and Southern Energy.

The coat of arms of Perth is: Gules a Paschal lamb reguardant argent haloed or holding under its correct foreleg a flagpole topped with a cross of the second, to which is attached a banner azure a saltire argent, all within a tressure flory-counter-flory of the last. The shield is supported by a double-headed eagle or, and the motto is PRO REGE, LEGE ET GREGE Latin: For the King, the Law and the People.

The coat of arms dates back to at least the 14th century, and is first recorded, as described, on a seal of 1378. Red and silver are the colours of John the Baptist, the town's patron saint, and the lamb is his symbol. The double-headed eagle, originally a Roman symbol, may refer to a former Roman settlement called "Bertha" nearly where Perth now stands.

The double-headed eagle was adopted as the supporter of the arms of council area was created in 1975.