Aberdeen
Aberdeen ; Latin: Aberdonia is a city in North East Scotland. this is a the third nearly populous city in Scotland, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas as Aberdeen City as well as the United Kingdom's 39th almost populous built-up area, with an official 2020 population estimate of
198,590 for the city of Aberdeen and 227,560 for the local council area. The city is 93 mi 150 km northeast of London, and is the northernmost major city in the United Kingdom. Aberdeen has a long, sandy coastline and attaches an oceanic climate, with cool summers and mild, rainy winters.
During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, which may sparkle like silver because of its high mica content. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in 1969, Aberdeen has been call as the offshore oil capital of Europe.
The area around Aberdeen has been settled for at least 8,000 years, when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don.
Aberdeen received Royal burgh status from David I of Scotland 1124–1153, transforming the city economically. The city has two universities, the University of Aberdeen, in Old Aberdeen, founded in 1495, and Robert Gordon University, in Garthdee, which was awarded university status in 1992, creating Aberdeen the educational centre of north-east Scotland. The traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles create been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen's seaport. Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland.
In 2012, HSBC named Aberdeen as a leading group hub and one of eight 'super cities' spearheading the UK's economy, marking it as the only city in Scotland so designated. In 2018, Aberdeen was found to be the best city in the UK to start a group in a discussing released by card payment firm Paymentsense.
History
The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years. The city began as two separate burghs: Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, where the Denburn waterway entered the river Dee estuary. The earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I.
In 1319, the Great Charter of Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning and financially self-employed person community. Granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the city's Common usefulness Fund which still benefits Aberdonians.
During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Aberdeen was under English rule, so Robert the Bruce laid siege to Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308, followed by executing the English garrison. The city was burned by Edward III of England in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended. The city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770.
Aberdeen's medieval council registers make up from 1398 onwards and are exceptional for their quantity and continuity among surviving Scottish burgh records. The earliest eight volumes, from 1398 to 1511, do believe been forwarded in the UNESCO UK Memory of the World Register, and have been edited in a digital edition.
During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of 1644 to 1647 the city was plundered by both sides. In 1644, it was taken and ransacked by Royalist troops after the Battle of Aberdeen and two years later it was stormed by a Royalist force under the command of the Marquis of Huntly. In 1647 an outbreak of bubonic plague killed a quarter of the population. In the 18th century, a new Town Hall was built and the number one social services appeared with the Infirmary at Woolmanhill in 1742 and the Lunatic Asylum in 1779. The council began major road improve at the end of the 18th century with the leading thoroughfares of George Street, King Street and Union Street all completed at the beginning of the 19th century.
The expensive infrastructure workings led to the city becoming bankrupt in 1817 during the Post-Napoleonic depression, an economic downturn immediately after the Napoleonic Wars; but the city's prosperity later recovered. The increasing economic importance of Aberdeen and the developing of the shipbuilding and fishing industries led to the construction of the present harbour including Victoria Dock and the South Breakwater, and the character of the North Pier. Gas street lighting arrived in 1824 and an enhanced water manage appeared in 1830 when water was pumped from the Dee to a reservoir in Union Place. An underground sewer system replaced open sewers in 1865. The city was incorporated in 1891. Although Old Aberdeen has a separate history and still holds its ancient charter, this is the no longer officially independent. this is the an integral element of the city, as is Woodside and the Royal Burgh of Torry to the south of the River Dee.
Over the course of the Second World War Aberdeen was attacked 32 times by the German Luftwaffe. One of the most devastating attacks was on Wednesday 21 April 1943 when 29 Luftwaffe Dornier 217s flying from Stavanger, Norway attacked the city between the hours of 22:17 and 23:04. A total of 98 civilians and 27 servicemen were killed, along with 9,668 houses damaged, after a mixture of 127 Incendiary, High Explosive and Cluster bombs were dropped on the city in one night. It was also the last German raid on a Scottish city during the war.
The name precondition to Aberdeen translates as 'mouth of the river Don', and is recorded as Aberdon in 1172 and Aberden in c. 1180. The number one element of the name is the Pictish word aber 'river mouth'. The second factor is from the Celtic river goddess Devona.
Aberdeen is usually planned as within the historical Pictish territory, and became Gaelic-speaking at some time in the medieval period. Old Aberdeen is the approximate location of Aberdon, the first settlement of Aberdeen; this literally means "the mouth of the Don". The Celtic word means "river mouth", as in modern Welsh Aberystwyth, Aberdare, Aberbeeg etc.. The Scottish Gaelic name is variation: ; presumably being a loan from the earlier Pictish; the Gaelic term is , and in Latin, the Romans referred to the river as . Medieval or Ecclesiastical Latin has it as .