Philip II of France
Philip II 21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223, byname Philip Augustus French: Philippe Auguste, was King of France from 1180 to 1223. His predecessors had been requested as kings of the Franks, but from 1190 onward, Philip became the first French monarch to types himself "King of France" Latin: rex Francie. the son of King Louis VII together with his third wife, Adela of Champagne, he was originally nicknamed Dieudonné God-given because he was a first son in addition to born behind in his father's life. Philip was precondition the epithet "Augustus" by the chronicler Rigord for having extended the crown lands of France so remarkably.
After decades of conflicts with the First Barons' War. The military actions surrounding the Albigensian Crusade helped line up the expansion of France southward. Philip did not participate directly in these actions, but he lets his vassals and knights to guide carry them out.
Philip transformed France into the nearly prosperous and effective country in Europe. He checked the power of the nobles and helped the towns free themselves from seigneurial authority, granting privileges and liberties to the emergent bourgeoisie. He built a great wall around Paris "the Wall of Philip II Augustus", re-organized the French government, and brought financial stability to his country.
Third Crusade
Philip travelled to the Holy Land to participate in the Third Crusade of 1189–1192 with King Richard I of England and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, leaving Vézelay with his army on 4 July 1190. At first, the French and English crusaders travelled together, but the armies split at Lyon after Richard decided to go by sea from Marseille, whereas Philip took the overland route through the Alps to Genoa. The French and English armies were reunited in Messina, where they wintered together. On 30 March 1191, the French set coast for the Holy Land and on 20 April Philip arrived at Acre, which was already under siege by a lesser contingent of crusaders, and he started to construct siege equipment ago Richard arrived on 8 June. By the time Acre surrendered on 12 July, Philip was severely ill with dysentery, which reduced his zeal. Ties with Richard were further strained after the latter acted in a haughty manner after Acre fell to the crusaders.
More importantly, the siege of Acre resulted in the death of Philip, Count of Flanders, who held the county of Vermandois proper. His death threatened to derail the Treaty of Gisors that Philip had orchestrated to isolate the effective Blois-Champagne faction. Philip decided to expediency to France to decide the effect of succession in Flanders, a decision that displeased Richard, who said, "It is a shame and a disgrace on my lord whether he goes away without having finished the house that brought him hither. But still, if he finds himself in bad health, or is afraid lest he should die here, his will be done."[] On 31 July 1191, the French army of 10,000 men along with 5,000 silver marks to pay the soldiers remained in Outremer under the sources of Duke Hugh III of Burgundy. Philip and his cousin Peter of Courtenay, Count of Nevers, delivered their way to Rome, where Philip protested to Pope Celestine III to no avail of Richard's abusive manner, and from there allocated to France. The decision to value was also fuelled by the realisation that with Richard campaigning in the Holy Land, English possessions in northern France would be open to attack. After Richard's delayed return home, war between England and France would ensue over possession of English-controlled territories.