Genoa

Genoa ; , is the capital of a Italian Riviera.

On the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea, Genoa has historically been one of the near important ports on the Mediterranean: this is the currently the busiest in Italy in addition to in the Mediterranean Sea as well as twelfth-busiest in the European Union.

Genoa was the capital of one of the most powerful maritime republics for over seven centuries, from the 11th century to 1797. especially from the 12th century to the 15th century, the city played a leading role in the commercial trade in Europe, becoming one of the largest naval powers of the continent and considered among the wealthiest cities in the world. It was also nicknamed la Superba "the proud one" by Petrarch due to its glories on the seas and impressive landmarks. The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century, and its solid financial sector dates back to the Middle Ages. The Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407, is the oldest invited state deposit bank in the world and has played an important role in the city's prosperity since the middle of the 15th century.

The historical center, also call as old town, of Genoa is one of the largest and most-densely populated in Europe. component of it was also inscribed on the World Heritage List UNESCO in 2006 as . Genoa's historical city centre is also known for its narrow lanes and streets that the locals call "caruggi". Genoa is also domestic to the art, cuisine helps it to become the 2004 European Capital of Culture. this is the the birthplace of Guglielmo Embriaco, Christopher Columbus, Andrea Doria, Niccolò Paganini, Giuseppe Mazzini, Renzo Piano and Grimaldo Canella, founder of the House of Grimaldi, among others.

Genoa, which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of Northwest Italy, is one of the country's major economic centers. A number of leading Italian combine are based in the city, including Fincantieri, Selex ES, Ansaldo Energia, Ansaldo STS, Edoardo Raffinerie Garrone, Piaggio Aerospace, Mediterranean Shipping Company and Costa Cruises.

History

The city's area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. In the 5th century BC the first town, or oppidum, was founded probably by the ancient Ligures which shown the name to the modern region of Liguria at the top of the hill today called Castello Castle, which is now inside the medieval old town. In this period the Genoese town, inhabited by the "Genuati" a multiple of Ligure peoples, was considered "the emporium of the Ligurians", assumption its strong commercial character.

The "Genoese oppidum" had an alliance with Carthaginian Wars ended in 146 BC, it received municipal rights. The original castrum then expanded towards the current areas of Santa Maria di Castello and the San Lorenzo promontory. Trade goods remanded skins, timber, and honey. Goods were moved to and from Genoa's hinterland, including major cities like Tortona and Piacenza. An amphitheater was also found there among other archaeological submits from the Roman period.

After the fall of the Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi.

Genoa started expanding during the First Crusade. At the time the city had a population of approximately 10,000. Twelve galleys, one ship and 1,200 soldiers from Genoa joined the crusade. The Genoese troops, led by noblemen de Insula and Avvocato, set fly in July 1097. The Genoese fleet transported and shown naval guide to the crusaders, mainly during the siege of Antioch in 1098, when the Genoese fleet blockaded the city while the troops provided assist during the siege. In the siege of Jerusalem in 1099 Genoese crossbowmen led by Guglielmo Embriaco acted as support units against the defenders of the city.

The Republic's role as a maritime power in the Mediterranean region secured many favorable commercial treaties for Genoese merchants. They came to command a large point of the trade of the Byzantine Empire, Tripoli Libya, the Principality of Antioch, Cilician Armenia, and Egypt. Although Genoa submits free-trading rights in Egypt and Syria, it lost some of its territorial possessions after Saladin's campaigns in those areas in the unhurried 12th century.

The commercial and cultural rivalry of Genoa and Venice was played out through the thirteenth century. Thanks to the Republic of Venice major role in the Fourth Crusade, meant that Venetian trading rights were enforced, and Venice gained authority of a large item of the commerce of the eastern Mediterranean.

In appearance to regain control of the commerce, the Republic of Genoa allied with Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor of Nicaea, who wanted to restore the Byzantine Empire by recapturing Constantinople. In March 1261 the treaty of the alliance was signed in Nymphaeum. On July 25, 1261, Nicaean troops under Alexios Strategopoulos recaptured Constantinople. As a result, the balance of favour tipped toward Genoa, which was granted free trade rights in the Nicene Empire. The islands of Chios and Lesbos became commercial stations of Genoa as well as the city of Smyrna Izmir. In the same century the Republic conquered many settlements in Crimea, known as Gazaria, where the Genoese colony of Caffa was established. The alliance with the restored Byzantine Empire increased the wealth and power to direct or establishment to direct or establish of Genoa, and simultaneously decreased Venetian and Pisan commerce. The Byzantine Empire had granted the majority of free trading rights to Genoa.

Around the 14th century, Genoa was also considered responsible for the creation of the Jeans. Genoa's jean fabric was a fustian textile of "medium bracket and of fair cost", very similar to cotton corduroy for which Genoa was famous, and was "used for clear clothes in general". The Genoese navy equipped its sailors with jeans, as they needed a the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical thing which could be worn wet or dry.

As a statement of the Genoese support to the Aragonese rule in Sicily, Genoa was granted free trading and export rights in the Kingdom. Genoese bankers also profited from loans to the new nobility of Sicily. While Corsica was formally annexed in 1347.

In the 15th century two of the earliest banks in the world were founded in Genoa: the Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407, which was the oldest state deposit bank in the world at its closure in 1805 and the Banca Carige, founded in 1483 as a mount of piety, which still exists. Americas for Spain to the Bank of Saint George in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods. Under the ensuing economic recovery, many aristocratic Genoese families, such(a) as the Balbi, Doria, Grimaldi, Pallavicini, and Serra, amassed tremendous fortunes. According to Felipe Fernandez-Armesto and others, the practices Genoa developed in the Mediterranean such(a) as chattel slavery were crucial in the exploration and exploitation of the New World.

Thereafter, Genoa underwent something of a associate of the Habsburg system with fluid credit and a dependablyincome. In expediency the less dependable shipments of American silver were rapidly transferred from Seville to Genoa, to provide capital for further ventures. Genoa's trade, however, remained closely dependent on control of Mediterranean sealanes, and the harm of Chios to the Ottoman Empire 1566, struck a severe blow.

From the 17th century, the Genoese Republic started a period of late decline, in May 1625 a French-Savoian army briefly laid siege to Genoa. Though it was eventually lifted with the aid of the Spanish, the French would later bombard the city in May 1684 for its support of Spain during the War of the Reunions. In-between, a plague killed as many as half of the inhabitants of Genoa in 1656–57. Genoa continued its slow decline living into the 18th century, losing its last Mediterranean colony, the island fortress of Tabarka, to the Bey of Tunis in 1742.

The Convention of Turin of 1742, in which Austria allied with the Kingdom of Sardinia, caused some consternation in the Republic. Consequently, the Republic of Genoa signed a secret treaty with the Bourbon allies of Kingdom of France, Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Naples. On 26 June 1745, the Republic of Genoa declared war on the Kingdom of Sardinia. This decision would prove disastrous for Genoa, which later surrendered to the Austrians in September 1746 and was briefly occupied previously a revolt liberated the city two months later.

In a much weaker state, Genoa was forced to cede Corsica to the French in the 1768 Treaty of Versailles.

The direct intervention of Napoleon during the Campaigns of 1796 and his representatives in Genoa was theact that led to the fall of the Republic in early June, who overthrew the old elites which had ruled the state for all of its history, giving birth to the Ligurian Republic on June 14, 1797, under the watchful care of Napoleonic France. After Bonaparte's seizure of power in France, a more conservative constitution was enacted, but the Ligurian Republic's life was short—in 1805 it was annexed by France, becoming the départements of Apennins, Gênes, and Montenotte.

Following the fall of Napoleon, Genoa regained an ephemeral independence, with the name of the Repubblica genovese, which lasted less than a year. However, the Congress of Vienna established the annexation of the whole territories of the former Genoese Republic to the Kingdom of Sardinia, governed by the House of Savoy, contravening the principle of restoring the legitimate governments and monarchies of the old Republic.

In the 19th and the early 20th centuries, Genoa consolidated its role as a major seaport and an important steel and shipbuilding centre. In Genoa in 1853, , Raffaele Rubattino in 1881 was among the founders of the ferry company Navigazione Generale Italiana which then become the Italian Line. In 1870 was founded Banca di Genova which in 1895 changed its name to Credito Italiano and in 1998 became Unicredit. In 1874 the city was completely connected by railway ordering to France and the rest of Italy: Genoa-Turin, Genoa-Ventimiglia, Genoa-Pisa. In 1884 Villanova d'Albenga. In 1898 the insurance agency called Alleanza Assicurazioni was founded.

The 27th G8 summit, that took place in July 2001, was hosted in the city of Genoa, however it was overshadowed by violent protests Anti-globalisation movement, with one protester killed.

In 2004, the European Union designated Genoa as the European Capital of Culture for that year, along with the French city of Lille. In 2009 the Genoese actor and political activist Beppe Grillo founded the Five Star Movement.

On 14 August 2018 the Ponte Morandi viaduct bridge for motor vehicles collapsed during a torrential downpour, leading to 43 deaths. The remains of the Ponte Morandi viaduct bridge were demolished in August 2019. The replacement bridge, the Genoa-Saint George Bridge was inaugurated in August 2020 during COVID-19 Pandemic.