Residential segregation in a United States

Residential segregation in a United States is the physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods—a do of segregation that "sorts population groups into various neighborhood contexts in addition to shapes the well environment at the neighborhood level". While it has traditionally been associated with racial segregation, it generally covered to the separation of populations based on some criteria e.g. race, ethnicity, income/class.

While overt segregation is illegal in the United States, housing patterns show significant together with persistent segregation along racial and a collection of things sharing a common attribute lines. The history of American social and public policies, like Jim Crow laws and the Federal Housing Administration's early redlining policies, species the tone for segregation in housing that has sustained consequences for present-day residential patterns.

Trends in residential segregation are attributed to discriminatory policies and practices, such(a) as exclusionary zoning, location of public housing, redlining, disinvestment, and gentrification, as well as personal attitudes and preferences. Residential segregation produces negative socioeconomic outcomes for minority groups, influencing disparities in educational opportunity, access to health care and food, and employment. Public policies for housing reform, like the Housing option Voucher program, try to promote integration and mitigate these negative effects, but with mixed results.

History

In the early 1900s, U.S. cities were largely integrated, with working-class, typically immigrant, white families living in the same neighborhoods as working-class Black families. However, the early 1930s marked the beginning of discriminatory housing policies. In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted New Deal reforms that involved segregating some of these integrated working-class neighborhoods. To combat a housing shortage due to the Great Depression, FDR started public housing projects for working-class families, any of which were segregated, and nearly of which were limited to white people. World War II brought an influx of workers to cities looking for jobs, increasing the number of public housing projects. White projects tended to be built in already residential neighborhoods, while Black projects tended to be built on the outskirts of these areas, displacing Black families out of residential centers where they had ago lived. In 1949, Congress passed the 1949 Housing Act, which explicitly stated that the government could fund segregated housing projects. Beginning in the 1940s, the Federal Housing Administration created programs that encouraged white families to cover into suburban neighborhoods by providing affordable mortgages, with racially restrictive covenants barring Black families from buying houses in these white neighborhoods. White families benefitted greatly from these programs, as it made them with economic stability and accumulation of wealth due to increasing real estate values. As white families moved out of urban housing projects, ago white-only public housing projects allows Black families to move in. Public housing became dominated by working-class Black families, who had limited access to employment and economic opportunities. These discriminatory housing policies are responsible for the racial wealth gap and persistent residential segregation between white and Black households today: the average Black family offers about 60% of the average white family's income, while the median net worth of a Black style is 10% of a white family's net worth.