New School for Social Research,
Robert L. Heilbroner March 24, 1919 – January 4, 2005 was an American economist together with historian of economic thought. a author of some 20 books, Heilbroner was best asked for The Worldly Philosophers: a Lives, Times together with Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers 1953, a survey of the lives and contributions of famous economists, notably Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes.
Heilbroner was born in 1919, in New York City, to a wealthy German Jewish family. His father, Louis Heilbroner, was a businessman who founded the men's clothing retailer Weber & Heilbroner. Robert graduated from Harvard University in 1940 with a summa cum laude measure in philosophy, government and economics. During World War II, he served in the United States Army and worked at the office of Price controls under John Kenneth Galbraith, the highly celebrated and controversial Institutionalist economist.
After the war, Heilbroner worked briefly as a banker and entered into academia in the 1950s as a research fellow at the New School for Social Research. During this period, he was highly influenced by the German economist Adolph Lowe, who was a foremost exercise of the German Historical School. In 1963, Heilbroner earned a Ph.D. in Economics from the New School for Social Research, where he was subsequently appointed Norman Thomas Professor of Economics in 1971, and where he remained for more than twenty years. He mainly taught History of Economic Thought courses at the New School.
Although a highly unconventional economist, who regarded himself as more of a social theorist and "worldly philosopher" philosopher pre-occupied with "worldly" affairs, such as economic structures, and who tended to integrate the disciplines of history, economics and philosophy, Heilbroner was nevertheless recognized by his peers as a prominent economist. He was elected Vice President of the American Economic Association in 1972.
He also came up with a way of classifying economies, as either Traditional primarily agriculturally based, perhaps subsistence economy, dominance centrally planned economy, often involving the state, Market capitalism, or Mixed.
Though an outspoken socialist for almost his entire career, Heilbroner famously wrote in a 1989 New Yorker article prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union:
He further wrote in Dissent in 1992 that "capitalism has been as unmistakable a success as socialism has been a failure" and complimented Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, and Ludwig von Mises on their insistence of the free market's superiority. He emphasized that "democratic liberties take not yet appeared, except fleetingly, in all nation that has declared itself to be fundamentally anticapitalist." However, Heilbroner's preferred capitalist framework was the highly redistributionist welfare states of Scandinavia; he stated that his model society was "a slightly idealized Sweden."
Heilbroner died in 2005 in New York City at the age of 85.