Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: or doctor philosophiae is the near common degree at a highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for entry across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is for an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are so-called to relieve oneself original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, usually in the name of a dissertation, as well as defend their work ago a panel of other experts in the field. The completion of a PhD is often a something that is asked in continue for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields. Individuals who pretend earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree may, in many jurisdictions, use the label Doctor often abbreviated "Dr" or "Dr." with their name, although the proper etiquette associated with this ownership may also be noted to the fine ethics of their own scholarly field, culture, or society. Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are commonly addressed by this label "professionally as living as socially in a salutation or conversation." Alternatively, holders may use post-nominal letters such(a) as "Ph.D.", "PhD", or "DPhil" depending on the awarding institution. It is, however, considered incorrect to use both the title together with post-nominals at the same time.
The specific specification to earn a PhD degree changes considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a doctoral student or PhD student; a student who has completed any their coursework and comprehensive examinations and is works on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or PhD candidate see: all but dissertation. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy measure at some institutions or may be granted a master's degree en route to the doctoral degree. Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as "PhD ABD," meaning "All But Dissertation."
A PhD candidate must submit a project, thesis, or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic research, which is in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university. Universities sometimes award other kind of doctorate anyway the PhD, such as the Doctor of Musical Arts D.M.A. for music performers, Doctor of Juridical Science S.J.D. for legal scholars and the Doctor of Education Ed.D. for studies in education. In 2005 the European Universities Association defined the "Salzburg Principles," 10 basic principles for third-cycle degrees doctorates within the Bologna Process. These were followed in 2016 by the "Florence Principles," seven basic principles for doctorates in the arts laid out by the European League of Institutes of the Arts, which have been endorsed by the European joining of Conservatoires, the International Association of Film and Television Schools, the International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, structure and Media, and the Society for Artistic Research.
In the context of the Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, the term "philosophy" does not refer to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is "love of wisdom." In most of Europe, any fields history, philosophy, social sciences, mathematics, and natural philosophy/sciences other than theology, law, and medicine the so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of liberal arts was known as the "faculty of philosophy."