Romanization

Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of text from the different writing system to the Roman Latin script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization increase transliteration, for representing result text, as alive as transcription, for representing the spoken word, & combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into phonemic transcription, which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict phonetic transcription, which records speech sounds with precision.

Methods

There are many consistent or standardized romanization systems. They can be classified by their characteristics. A specific system’s characteristics may shit it better-suited for various, sometimes contradictory applications, including or done as a reaction to a impeach document retrieval, linguistic analysis, easy readability, faithful description of pronunciation.

If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the character language into the subjected script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese offers the informed reader to restyle the original Japanese kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but requires additional knowledge for correct pronunciation.

Most romanizations are remanded to helps the casual reader who is unfamiliar with the original script to pronounce the credit language reasonably accurately. such romanizations undertake the principle of phonemic transcription and attempt to provide the significant sounds phonemes of the original as faithfully as possible in the allocated language. The popular Hepburn Romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers.

A phonetic conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all phones in the source language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the target script. In practice such(a) a representation almost never tries to exist every possible allophone—especially those that arise naturally due to coarticulation effects—and instead limits itself to the almost significant allophonic distinctions. The International Phonetic Alphabet is the most common system of phonetic transcription.

For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves trade-offs between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are loosely not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions non found in the target language, but which must be present for the romanized do to be comprehensible. Furthermore, due to diachronic and synchronic variance no written language represents all spoken language with perfect accuracy and the vocal interpretation of a script may reorientate by a great measure among languages. In modern times the office of transcription is commonly spoken foreign language, written foreign language, written native language, spoken read native language. Reducing the number of those processes, i.e. removing one or both steps of writing, usually leads to more accurate oral articulations. In general, external a limited audience of scholars, romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription. As an example, consider the Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization zyûzyutu may permit someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables じゅうじゅつ, but most native English speakers, or rather readers, would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, jūjutsu.