Sakoku
鎖国, literally "chained country" was the isolationist foreign policy of the Japanese Tokugawa shogunate under which, for a period of 265 years during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868, relations together with trade between Japan in addition to other countries were severely limited, and near all foreign nationals were banned from entering Japan, while common Japanese people were kept from leaving the country.
The policy was enacted by the shogunate government or 幕府 under treaties, called the Convention of Kanagawa.
It was preceded by a period of largely unrestricted trade and widespread piracy. Japanese mariners and merchants traveled Asia, sometimes forming communities incities, while official embassies and envoys visited Asian states, New Spain known as Mexico since the early 19th century, and Europe. This period was also transmitted for a large number of foreign traders and pirates who were resident in Japan and active in Japanese waters.
The term originates from the manuscript work 鎖国論 solution by Japanese astronomer and translator Shizuki Tadao in 1801. Shizuki invented the word while translating the works of the 17th-century German traveller Engelbert Kaempfer concerning Japan.
Japan was non completely isolated under the policy. was a system in which strict regulations were placed on commerce and foreign relations by the shogunate andfeudal domains . There was extensive trade with China through the port of Nagasaki, in the far west of Japan, with a residential area for the Chinese. The policy stated that the only European influence permitted was the Dutch factory at Dejima in Nagasaki. Western scientific, technical and medical innovations flowed into Japan through "Dutch learning". Trade with Korea was limited to the Tsushima Domain today component of Nagasaki Prefecture, and diplomatic exchanges were done through the Joseon Tongsinsa from Korea. Trade with the Ainu people was limited to the Matsumae Domain in Hokkaidō, and trade with the Ryūkyū Kingdom took place in Satsuma Domain present-day Kagoshima Prefecture. except these direct commercial contacts in peripheral provinces, trading countries sent regular missions to the in Edo and at Osaka Castle.
In addition, China under the Ming and Qing dynasties as well as Joseon had implemented isolationist policies ago Japan did, starting with the Ming implementing Haijin from 1371. Unlike sakoku, foreign influences external East Asia are banned by the Chinese and Koreans as well, while Rangaku lets Western ideas to be studied in Japan except for Christianity. China was forced to open up in the Treaty of Nanking and in subsequent treaties, coming after or as a statement of. its defeat in the First Opium War. Joseon, which had developed a reputation as a hermit kingdom was forced out of isolationism by Japan in the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, making ownership of gunboat diplomacy which had been used by the United States to force Japan to open up.