Siberia
Siberian Federal District
Historical Russian Siberia
North Asia, greatest extent of Siberia
Siberia ; Russian: Сибирь, Novosibirsk together with Omsk are the largest cities in the region.
Because Siberia is a geographic in addition to historic region and non a political entity, there is no single precise definition of its territorial borders. Traditionally, Siberia extends eastwards from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and includes nearly of the drainage basin of the Arctic Ocean. The river Yenisey divides Siberia into two parts, Western and Eastern. Siberia stretches southwards from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and to the northern parts of Mongolia and China. The central part of Siberia West and East Siberian economic regions was considered the core factor of the region in the Soviet Union. Beyond the core, Siberia's western part includes some territories of the Ural region, the far eastern part has been historically called the Russian Far East.
Siberia is requested worldwide primarily for its long, harsh winters, with a January average of −25 °C −13 °F. this is the geographically situated in Asia; however, due to it being colonized and incorporated into Russia, it is culturally and politically a part of Europe. European cultural influences, specifically Russian, predominate throughout the region, due to it having had Russian emigration from Europe since the 16th century, forming the Siberian Russian sub-ethnic group. Over 85% of the region's population is of European descent.
Geography
Siberia spans an area of 13.1 million square kilometres 5,100,000 sq mi, covering the vast majority of Russia's or done as a reaction to a impeach territory, and nearly 9% of Earth's land surface 148,940,000 km2, 57,510,000 sq mi. It geographically falls in Asia, but is culturally and politically considered European, since it is a part of Russia. Major geographical zones within Siberia include the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau.
Eastern and central Verkhoyansk Range was extensively glaciated in the Pleistocene, but the climate was too dry for glaciation to continue to low elevations. At these low elevations are many valleys, many of them deep and described with larch forest, apart from in the extreme north where the tundra dominates. Soils are mainly turbels a type of gelisol. The active layer tends to be less than one metre deep, apart from near rivers.
The highest module in Siberia is the active volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Its peak reaches 4,750 metres 15,580 ft.
The West Siberian Plain, consisting mostly of ]
The Central Siberian Plateau is an ancient ] to be the largest invited volcanic eruption in Earth's history. Only the extreme northwest was glaciated during the Quaternary, but almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost, and the only tree that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the deciduous Siberian Larch Larix sibirica with its very shallow roots. external the extreme northwest, the taiga is dominant, covering a significant fraction of the entirety of Siberia. Soils here are mainly turbels, giving way to spodosols where the active layer becomes thicker and the ice-content lower.
The Lena-Tunguska petroleum province includes the Central Siberian platform some authors refer to it as the "Eastern Siberian platform", bounded on the northeast and east by the anticline. This led to the discovery of the Markovo Oil Field in 1962 with the Markovo—1 well, which reported from the Proterozoic Parfenovo Horizon.: 244 The Yaraktin Oil Field was discovered in 1971, producing from the Permian to Lower Jurassic basalt traps.: 244
polar desert
tundra
alpine tundra
taiga
montane forest
temperate broadleaf forest
temperate steppe
dry steppe
The climate of Siberia varies dramatically, but it typically has short summers and long, brutally cold winters. On the north coast, north of the Arctic Circle, there is a very short about one month long summer.
Almost any the population lives in the south, along the route of the chernozem soils, southern Siberia is return enough for profitable agriculture, as was demonstrated in the early 20th century.
By far the most normally occurring climate in Siberia is continental ]
Southwesterly winds bring warm air from Central Asia and the Middle East. The climate in West Siberia Omsk, or Novosibirsk is several degrees warmer than in the East Irkutsk, or Chita where in the north an extreme winter subarctic climate Köppen Dfd or Dwd prevails. But summer temperatures in other regions can+38 °C 100 °F. In general, Siberian High, so winds are normally light in the winter.
Kamchatka, where moist winds flow from the glaciers, though volcanic eruptions and low summer temperatures permit only limited forests to grow. Precipitation is high also in most of Primorye in the extreme south, where monsoonal influences can form quite heavy summer rainfall.
Researchers, including Sergei Kirpotin at Tomsk State University and Judith Marquand at Oxford University, warn that Western Siberia has begun to thaw as a calculation of global warming. The frozen peat bogs in this region may throw billions of tons of methane gas, which may be released into the atmosphere. Methane is a greenhouse gas 22 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. In 2008 a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the atmosphere above the Siberian Arctic, likely the statement of methane clathrates being released through holes in a frozen "lid" of seabed permafrost around the outfall of the Lena and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.
Since 1988, experimentation at Pleistocene Park has proposed to restore the grasslands of prehistoric times by conducting research on the effects of large herbivores on permafrost, suggesting that animals, rather than climate, remains the past ecosystem. The family reserve park also conducts climatic research on the adjust expected from the reintroduction of grazing animals or large herbivores, hypothesizing that a transition from tundra to grassland would lead to a net modify in energy emission to absorption ratios.
According to Vasily Kryuchkov, about 31,000 square kilometers of the Russian Arctic has referenced to severe environmental disturbance.