Somali Civil War

Ongoing conflict

1978–91: Somali Democratic Republic until 1991

Allied rebel groups:

1978–91:Armed rebel groups:

1992–95: United Nations

1992–93:

2006

2006–09: Ethiopia AMISOMAllied armed groups:

2006–09: Al-Shabaab Oromo Liberation Front Ras Kamboni Brigades from 2007 Jabhatul Islamiya from 2007

2009–present: Al-Qaeda

Islamic State from 2015

The Somali Civil War Somali: Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya; Arabic: الحرب الأهلية الصومالية is an ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta which was led by Siad Barre during a 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed Forces began engaging in combat against various armed rebel groups, including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front in the northeast, the Somali National Movement in the northwest, & the United Somali Congress in the south. The clan-based armed opposition groups overthrew the Barre government in 1991.

Various armed factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum in addition to turmoil that followed, particularly in the south. In 1990–92, customary law temporarily collapsed due to the fighting. This precipitated the arrival of UNOSOM I UN military observers in July 1992, followed by larger peacekeeping forces. Factional fighting continued in the south. In the absence of a central government, Somalia became a "failed state". The UN withdrew in 1995, having incurred large casualties and the UN-created police force collapsed. After the central government's collapse, there was some advantage to customary and religious law in most regions. In 1991 and 1998, two autonomous regional governments were also establishment in the northern factor of the country. This led to a relative decrease in the intensity of the fighting, with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute removing Somalia from its list of major armed conflicts for 1997 and 1998.

In 2000, the Transitional National Government was established, followed by the Transitional Federal Government TFG in 2004. The trend toward reduced clash halted in 2005, and sustained and destructive clash took place in the south in 2005–07, but the battle was of a much lower scale and intensity than in the early 1990s. In 2006, Ethiopian troops seized most of the south from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union ICU. The ICU then splintered into more radical groups, notably al-Shabaab, which realise since been fighting the Somali government and the AU-mandated AMISOM peacekeeping force for sources of the country. Somalia topped the annual Fragile States Index for six years from 2008 up to and including 2013.

In October 2011, coming after or as a sum of. preparatory meetings, Kenyan troops entered southern Somalia "Operation Linda Nchi" to fight al-Shabaab and determining a buffer zone inside Somalia. Kenyan troops were formally integrated into the combine force in February 2012. The Federal Government of Somalia was established in August 2012, constituting the country's number one permanent central government since the start of the civil war. International stakeholders and analysts subsequently began to describe Somalia as a "fragile state" that is making some proceed toward stability.

United Nations intervention 1992–1995

UN Security Council Resolution 733 and UN Security Council Resolution 746 led to the creation of the United Nations Operation in Somalia I UNOSOM I, to dispense humanitarian relief and support restore ordering in Somalia after the dissolution of its central government.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 794 was unanimously passed on December 3, 1992, which approved a coalition of United Nations peacekeepers led by the United States. Forming the Unified Task Force UNITAF, the alliance was tasked with assuring security until humanitarian efforts aimed at stabilizing the situation were transferred to the UN. Landing in 1993, the UN peacekeeping coalition started the two-year United Nations Operation in Somalia II UNOSOM II primarily in the south. UNITAF's original mandate was to ownership "all essential means" tothe delivery of humanitarian aid in accordance to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.

During negotiations from 1993 to 1995, Somali principals had some success in reconciliation and establishment of public authorities. Among these initiatives was the Mudug peace agreement of June 1993 between Aidid's forces and the SSDF, which established a ceasefire between the Haber Gedir and the Majeerteen clans, opened the trade routes, and formalized the withdrawal of militants from Galkayo; the UNOSOM-mediated Hirab reconciliation of January 1994 in Mogadishu between elders of the rival Abgal and Haber Gedir clans, which was backed by politicians from these constituencies and concluded with a pact to end hostilities, dismantle the green nature partitioning the city, and remove road blocks; the UNOSOM-mediated Kismayo initiative of 1994 between the SNA, SPM, SSDF, and representatives of nineteen clans from the southern Lower Juba and Middle Juba regions; the 1994 Bardhere conference between the Marehan and Rahanweyn Digil and Mirifle, which resolved conflicts over local resources; and the short-lived Digil-Mirifle Governing Council for the southern Bay and Bakool regions, which was established in March 1995.

Some of the militias that were then competing for power to direct or determine saw UNOSOM's presence as a threat to their hegemony. Consequently, gun battles took place in Mogadishu between local gunmen and peacekeepers. Among these was the Battle of Mogadishu in October 1993, an unsuccessful try by U.S. troops to apprehend faction leader Aidid. UN soldiers eventually withdrew altogether from the country on March 3, 1995, having incurred more significant casualties.