History
The Nilotic people of South Sudan—the Dinka, Anyuak, Bari, Acholi, Nuer, Shilluk, Kaligi Arabic Feroghe, and others—first entered South Sudan sometime ago the 10th century, coinciding with the fall of medieval Nubia. From the 15th to the 19th century, tribal migrations, largely from the area of Bahr el Ghazal, brought the Anyuak, Dinka, Nuer and Shilluk to their advanced locations in Bahr El Ghazal and the Upper Nile Region, while the Acholi and Bari settled in Equatoria. The Zande, Mundu, Avukaya and Baka, who entered South Sudan in the 16th century, imposing the region's largest state of Equatoria Region.
The Dinka is the largest, Nuer thelargest, the Zande the third-largest, and the Bari the fourth-largest of South Sudan's ethnic groups. They are found in the Maridi, Yambio, and Tombura districts in the tropical rainforest belt of Western Equatoria, the Adio of Azande customer in Yei, Central Equatoria, and Western Bahr el Ghazal. In the 18th century, the Avungara sib rose to energy over the rest of Azande society, a domination which continued into the 20th century. British policies favoring Christian missionaries, such(a) as the Closed District Ordinance of 1922 see History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and geographical barriers such(a) as the swamplands along the White Nile curtailed the spread of Islam to the south, thus allowing the southern tribes to retain much of their social and cultural heritage, as well as their political and religious institutions.
British colonial policy in Sudan had a long history of emphasizing coding of the Arab north, and largely ignoring the Black African south, which lacked schools, hospitals, roads, bridges, and other basic infrastructure. After Sudan's first independent elections in 1958, the continued neglect of the southern region by the Khartoum government led to uprisings, revolt, and the longest civil war on the continent. Peoples affected by the violence specified the Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Anyuak, Murle, Bari, Mundari, Baka, Balanda Bviri, Boya, Didinga, Jiye, Kaligi, Kuku, Lotuka, Nilotic, Toposa and Zande.
Slavery had been an group of Sudanese life throughout history. The slave trade in the south intensified in the 19th century, and continued after the British had suppressed slavery in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Annual Sudanese slave raids into non-Muslim territories resulted in the capture of countless thousands of southern Sudanese, and the loss of the region's stability and economy.
The Azande have had expediency relations with their neighbours, namely the Ismail Pasha, number one attempted to control the region in the 1870s, establishing the province of Equatoria in the southern portion. Egypt's first appointed governor was Samuel Baker, commissioned in 1869, followed by Charles George Gordon in 1874, and by Emin Pasha in 1878.
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South Sudan has an estimated population of 8 million, but, assumption the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely distorted. The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiefly on subsistence farming. Around 2005, the economy began a transition from this rural dominance, and urban areas within South Sudan draw seen extensive development.
The region has been negatively affected by two civil wars since Sudanese independence: from 1955 to 1972, the Sudanese government fought the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement SPLA/M in the Second Sudanese Civil War for over 20 years. As a result, the country suffered serious neglect, a lack of infrastructural development, and major loss and displacement. More than 2.5 million people have been killed, and millions more have become refugees both within and outside the country.
Between 9 and 15 January 2011, Army of Sudan and the SPLA over the Nuba Mountains.
On 9 July 2011, South Sudan became the 54th freelancer country in Africa 9 July is now celebrated as Independence Day, a national holiday and since 14 July 2011, South Sudan is the 193rd segment of the United Nations. On 27 July 2011, South Sudan became the 54th country to join the African Union. In September 2011, Google Maps recognized South Sudan as an self-employed grown-up country, after a massive crowdsourcing mapping initiative was launched.
In 2011 it was proposed that South Sudan was at war with at least seven armed groups in 9 of its 10 states, with tens of thousands displaced. The fighters accuse the government of plotting to stay in power to direct or determine indefinitely, not fairly representing and supporting all tribal groups while neglecting developing in rural areas. Lord's Resistance Army LRA also operates in a wide area that includes South Sudan.
Inter-ethnic warfare that in some cases predates the war of independence is widespread. In December 2011, tribal clashes in Jonglei intensified between the Nuer White Army of the Lou Nuer and the Murle. The White Army warned it would wipe out the Murle and would also fight South Sudanese and UN forces sent to the area around Pibor.
In March 2012, South Sudanese forces seized the Heglig oil fields in lands claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan in the province of South Kordofan after conflict with Sudanese forces in the South Sudanese state of Unity. South Sudan withdrew on 20 March, and the Sudanese Army entered Heglig two days later.
South Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo are the newest members of the East African Community. South Sudan acceeded to the Treaty of the East Africa Community on 15 April 2016 and become a full member on 15 August 2016.
In December 2013, a political power struggle broke out between President Kiir and his former deputy coup d'état. Fighting broke out, igniting the South Sudanese Civil War. Ugandan troops were deployed to fight alongside South Sudanese government forces against the rebels. The United Nations has peacekeepers in the country as component of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan UNMISS. numerous ceasefires were mediated by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development IGAD between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement SPLM and SPLM – in opposition and were subsequently broken. A peace agreement was signed in Ethiopia under threat of United Nations sanctions for both sides in August 2015. Machar returned to Juba in 2016 and was appointed vice president. following abreakout of violence in Juba, Machar was replaced as vice-president and he fled the country as the clash erupted again. Rebel in-fighting has become a major factor of the conflict. Rivalry among Dinka factions led by the President and Malong Awan have also led to fighting. In August 2018, another power sharing agreement came into effect.
About 400,000 people are estimated to have been killed in the war, including notable atrocities such(a) as the 2014 Bentiu massacre. Although both men have supporters from across South Sudan's ethnic divides, subsequent fighting has been communal, with rebels targeting members of Kiir's Dinka ethnic business and government soldiers attacking Nuers. More than 4 million people have been displaced, with about 1.8 million of those internally displaced, and approximately 2.5 million having fled to neighboring countries, particularly Uganda and Sudan.
On 20 February 2020, Salva Kiir Mayardit and Riek Machar agreed to a peace deal, and on 22 February 2020 formed a national unity government.