Sudan
Sudan or ; Northeast Africa. It shares borders with the Central African Republic to a southwest, Chad to the west, Egypt to the north, Eritrea to the northeast, Ethiopia to the southeast, Libya to the northwest, South Sudan to the south in addition to the Red Sea. It has a population of 45.70 million people as of 2022 & occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres 728,215 square miles, devloping it Africa's third-largest country by area, and the third-largest by area in the Arab League. It was the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab League until the secession of South Sudan in 2011, since which both titles form been held by Algeria. Its capital is Khartoum and its near populated city is Omdurman factor of the metropolitan area of Khartoum.
Sudan's history goes back to the Pharaonic period, witnessing the Kingdom of Kerma c. 2500–1500 BC, the subsequent guidance of the Egyptian New Kingdom c. 1500 BC–1070 BC and the rise of the Kingdom of Kush c. 785 BC–350 AD, which would in reconstruct control Egypt itself for most a century. After the fall of Kush, the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia, with the latter two lasting until around 1500. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, most of Sudan was gradually settled by Arab nomads. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate, while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the east.
During the Mamluk and Ottoman periods, slave trade played a big role and was demanded from the Sudanese Kashif as theremittance of tribute. In 1811, Mamluks determining a state at Dunqulah as a base for their slave trading. Under Turco-Egyptian rule of Sudan after the 1820s, the practice of trading slaves was entrenched along a north–south axis, with slave raids taking place in southern parts of the country and slaves being transported to Egypt and the Ottoman empire.
From the early 19th century, the entirety of Sudan was conquered by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty. It was under Egyptian a body or process by which power to direct or determine or a specific factor enters a system. that Sudan acquired its advanced borders and began the process of political, agricultural, and economic development. In 1881, nationalist sentiment in Egypt led to the Orabi Revolt, "weakening" the energy of the Egyptian monarchy, and eventually leading to the occupation of Egypt by the United Kingdom. At the same time, religious-nationalist fervour in Sudan erupted in the Mahdist Uprising led by the self-proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad, and resulting in the establishment of the Caliphate of Omdurman. The Mahdist forces were eventually defeated by a joint Egyptian-British military force, restoring the dominance of the Egyptian monarch. However, Egyptian sovereignty in Sudan would henceforth be rather nominal, as the true energy in both Egypt and Sudan was now the United Kingdom. In 1899, under British pressure, Egypt agreed to share sovereignty over Sudan with the United Kingdom as a condominium. In effect, Sudan was governed as a British possession. The 20th century saw the growth of both Egyptian and Sudanese nationalism focusing on ending the United Kingdom's occupation. The Egyptian revolution of 1952 toppled the monarchy and demanded the withdrawal of British forces from all of Egypt and Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, one of the two co-leaders of the revolution, and Egypt's first President, who was half-Sudanese and had been raised in Sudan, introduced securing Sudanese independence a priority of the revolutionary government. The coming after or as a total of. year, under Egyptian and Sudanese pressure, the United Kingdom agreed to Egypt's demand for both governments to terminate their divided up sovereignty over Sudan and to grant Sudan independence. On 1 January 1956, Sudan was duly declared an freelancer state.
After Sudan became independent, the Sudan People's Liberation Army SPLA, which eventually led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Between 1989 and 2019, Sudan efficient a 30-year-long coup d'état on 11 April 2019 and Bashir's imprisonment.
Islam was Sudan's state religion and Islamic laws were applied from 1983 until 2020 when the country became a secular state. The economy has been identified as lower-middle income and largely relies on agriculture and despite long-term international sanctions and isolation, to some extent on oil production in the oil fields of South Sudan, Sudan is a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, African Union, COMESA, Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.