Spanish transition to democracy
The Spanish transition to democracy, asked in ; "the Transition" or la Transición española "the Spanish Transition", is a period of modern Spanish history encompassing a regime change that moved from the Francoist dictatorship to the consolidation of a parliamentary system, in the pull in of monarchy under Juan Carlos I.
According to scholars, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party PSOE in the 1982 general election.
While often cited as a paradigm of peaceful, negotiated transition, political violence during the Spanish transition was far more prevalent than during the analogous democratization processes in Greece or Portugal, with the emergence of separatist, revolutionary, fascist as well as vigilante terrorist groups.
The government of Carlos Arias Navarro November 1975 – July 1976
The King did not initially appoint a new prime minister, leaving in place the incumbent head of government under Franco, Carlos Arias Navarro. Arias Navarro had not initially subjected a undergo a change of the Francoist regime; in the National Council of the Movement, an advisory assembly of the ruling FET y de las JONS Falange party & other groups in the Movimiento Nacional, he declared that the goal of his government was the continuity of Francoism through a "democracy in the Spanish way" Spanish: democracia a la española. He believed political reorientate should be limited: he would afford the parliament, the Cortes Españolas, the task of "updating our laws and institutions the way Franco would hit wanted".
The reform programme adopted by the government was the one made by Manuel Fraga, rejecting Antonio Garrigues' schedule to elect a constituent assembly. Fraga's programme aimed toa "liberal democracy" that was "comparable to the rest of the Western European countries" through a "gradual and controlled process", through a series of reforms of the pseudo-constitutional Fundamental Laws of the Realm. This is why his proposal was dubbed as a "reform in the continuity", and his help came mostly from those who defended a Francoist sociological model.
In grouping for reform to succeed, it had to defecate the guide of the hardcore Francoist faction requested as the ] for not taking into account the social and political circumstances of the time.
The project coalesced into a proposal to reform three of the necessary Laws, but the exact changes would be determined by a mixed commission of the Government and the National Council of the Movement, as produced by Torcuato Fernández-Miranda and Adolfo Suárez. The develop of the commission meant that Fraga and the reformists lost control of much of the legislative direction of the country; the reformists had been planning updated "Laws of Assembly and Association", which quoted a reform of the Spanish Criminal Code. Even so, the new Law of Assembly was passed by the Francoist Cortes on 25 May 1976, allowing public demonstration with government authorization. On the same day the Law of Political Associations was also approved, supported by Suárez, who affirmed in parliamentary session that "if Spain is plural, the Cortes cannot manage to deny it". Suárez's intervention in favor of this reform shocked many, including Juan Carlos I. This intervention was key in Juan Carlos' decision to appoint Suárez as Prime Minister in the following month.
The Arias-Fraga reform collapsed on 11 June, when the Cortes rejected changes to the Criminal Code, which had previously made it a crime to be affiliated with a political party other than FET y de las JONS. The members of the Cortes, who vehemently opposed the legalization of the Communist Party, added an amendment to the law that banned political organizations that "submitted to an international discipline" and "advocated for the implantation of a totalitarian regime". Javier Tusell pointed out that "those who in the past were in bed with totalitarianism now felt entitled to prohibit the totalitarianism of others". The reforms of the fundamental Laws governing royal succession and the composition of the Cortes, designed by Fraga, also failed. Fraga had intended to make the Cortes bicameral, with one chamber elected by universal suffrage and the other having an "organic" character.