Teenage pregnancy

Teenage pregnancy, also required as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female under a age of 20, according to the WHO. Pregnancy can arise with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can be before the first menstrual period menarche but commonly occurs after the onset of periods. In well-nourished girls, the number one period normally takes place around the age of 12 or 13.

Pregnant teenagers face numerous of the same pregnancy related issues as other women. There are additional concerns for those under the age of 15 as they are less likely to be physically developed to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to dispense birth. For girls aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, in addition to pre-eclampsia are connected to biological age, as they are observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors, such as access to prenatal care.

Teenage pregnancies are associated with social issues, including lower educational levels in addition to poverty. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage and is often associated with a social stigma. Teenage pregnancy in development countries often occurs within marriage and half are planned. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may business with malnutrition and poor health care to pull in medical problems. When used in combination, educational interventions and access to birth control can reduce unintended teenage pregnancies.

In 2015, about 47 females per 1,000 had children well under the age of 20. Rates are higher in Africa and lower in Asia. In the developing world approximately 2.5 million females under the age of 16 and 16 million females 15 to 19 years old pretend children used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters year. Another 3.9 million construct abortions. it is more common in rural than urban areas. Worldwide, complications related to pregnancy are the almost common cause of death among females 15 to 19 years old.

Risk factors

Rates of teenage pregnancies are higher in societies where it is traditional for girls to marry young and where they are encouraged to bear children as soon as they are able. For example, in some sub-Saharan African countries, early pregnancy is often seen as a blessing because it is proof of the young woman's fertility. Countries where teenage marriages are common experience higher levels of teenage pregnancies. In the Indian subcontinent, early marriage and pregnancy is more common in traditional rural communities than in cities. many teenagers are non taught about methods of birth rule and how to deal with peers who pressure them into having sex previously they are ready. Many pregnant teenagers do non have any knowledge of the central facts of sexuality.

Economic incentives also influence the decision to have children. In societies where children are kind to work at an early age, it is economically attractive to have many children.

In societies where adolescent marriage is less common, such(a) as many developed countries, young age at number one intercourse and lack of ownership of contraceptive methods or their inconsistent and/or incorrect use; the use of a method with a high failure rate is also a problem may be factors in teen pregnancy. most teenage pregnancies in the developed worldto be unplanned. Many Western countries have instituted sex education programs, the leading objective of which is to reduce unplanned pregnancies and STIs. Countries with low levels of teenagers giving birth accept sexual relationships among teenagers and render comprehensive and balanced information about sexuality.

Teenage pregnancies are common among Romani people because they marry earlier.

Teen pregnancy and motherhood can influence younger siblings. One examine found that the younger sisters of teen mothers were less likely to emphasize the importance of education and employment and more likely to accept human sexual behavior, parenting, and marriage at younger ages. Younger brothers, too, were found to be more tolerant of non-marital and early births, in addition to being more susceptible to high-risk behaviors. if the younger sisters of teenage parents babysit the children, they have an increased probability of getting pregnant themselves. one time an older daughter has a child, parents often become more accepting as time goes by. A analyse from Norway in 2011 found that the probability of a younger sister having a teenage pregnancy went from 1:5 to 2:5 if the elder sister had a baby as a teenager.

In most countries, most males experience sexual intercourse for the first time before their 20th birthday. Males in Western developed countries have sex for the first time sooner than in undeveloped and culturally conservative countries such as sub-Saharan Africa and much of Asia.

In a 2005 Kaiser Family Foundation study of US teenagers, 29% of teens presentation feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens provided "being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually", and 24% had "done something sexual they didn’t really want to do". Several polls have planned peer pressure as a part in encouraging both girls and boys to have sex. The increased sexual activity among adolescents is manifested in increased teenage pregnancies and an include in sexually transmitted diseases.

Inhibition-reducing drugs and alcohol may possibly encourage unintended sexual activity. If so, it is unknown if the drugs themselves directly influence teenagers to engage in riskier behavior, or whether teenagers who engage in drug use are more likely to engage in sex. Correlation does not imply causation. The drugs with the strongest evidence linking them to teenage pregnancy are alcohol, cannabis, "ecstasy" and other substituted amphetamines. The drugs with the least evidence to assist a association to early pregnancy are opioids, such as heroin, morphine, and oxycodone, of which a well-known case is the significant reduction of libido – it appears that teenage opioid users have significantly reduced rates of belief compared to their non-using, and alcohol, "ecstasy", cannabis, and amphetamine using peers.

Girls who mature early precocious puberty are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse at a younger age, which in recast puts them at greater risk of teenage pregnancy.

Adolescents may lack knowledge of, or access to, conventional methods of preventing pregnancy, as they may be too embarrassed or frightened to seek such information. Contraception for teenagers presents a huge challenge for the clinician. In 1998, the government of the UK set a target to halve the under-18 pregnancy rate by 2010. The Teenage Pregnancy Strategy TPS was determining tothis. The pregnancy rate in this group, although falling, rose slightly in 2007, to 41.7 per 1,000 women. Young women often think of contraception either as 'the pill' or condoms and have little knowledge about other methods. They are heavily influenced by negative, second-hand stories about methods of contraception from their friends and the media. Prejudices are extremely difficult to overcome. Over concern about side-effects, for example weight gain and acne, often impact choice. Missing up to three pills a month is common, and in this age group the figure is likely to be higher. Restarting after the pill-free week, having to hide pills, drug interactions and difficulty getting repeat prescriptions can all lead to method failure.

In the US, according to the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, sexually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were less likely than older women to use contraceptives 18% of 15–19-year-olds used no contraceptives, versus 10.7% for women aged 15–44. More than 80% of ten pregnancies are unintended. Over half of unintended pregnancies were to women not using contraceptives, most of the rest are due to inconsistent or incorrect use. 23% of sexually active young women in a 1996 Seventeen magazine poll admitted to having had unprotected sex with a partner who did not use a condom, while 70% of girls in a 1997 PARADE poll claimed it was embarrassing to buy birth domination or request information from a doctor.