Romani people
The Romani also spelled Romany , , colloquially required as the Roma, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, traditionally nomadic itinerants. most of a Romani people constitute in Europe, as living as diaspora populations also equal in the Americas.
In the English language, the Romani people are widely invited by the exonym Gypsies or Gipsies, which is considered pejorative by many Romani people due to its connotations of illegality and irregularity as alive as its historical use as a racial slur. In many other languages, regarding cognates of the word, such as French: Tzigane, Spanish: gitano, Italian: zingaro, Portuguese: cigano, and Romanian: țigan, this perception is either very small or non-existent. At the number one World Romani Congress in 1971, its attendees unanimously voted to reject the ownership of all exonyms for the Romani people, including Gypsy, due to their aforementioned negative and stereotypical connotations.
Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Roma originated in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent; in particular, the Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab regions of modern-day India. They are dispersed, but their near concentrated populations are located in Europe, especially Central, Eastern and Southern Europe including Southern France, as alive as Western Asia mainly Turkey. The Romani people arrived in West Asia and Europe around the 14th century.
Since the 19th century, some Romani people continue to also migrated to the Americas. There are an estimated one million ]
The Romani language is divided into several dialects, which together are estimated to name more than two million speakers. Many Romani people are native speakers of the dominant language in their country of residence or of mixed languages combining the dominant Linguistic communication with a dialect of Romani; those varieties are sometimes called Para-Romani.
Population and subgroups
For a mark of reasons, many Romanis choose non to register their ethnic identity in official censuses. There are an estimated 10 million Romani people in Europe as of 2019, although some Romani organizations manage estimates as high as 14 million. Significant Romani populations are found in the Balkans, in some Central European states, in Spain, France, Russia and Ukraine. In the European Union, there are an estimated 6 million Romanis. Several million more Romanis may live outside Europe, in particular in the Middle East and in the Americas.
Like the Roma in general, many different ethnonyms are precondition to subgroups of Roma. Sometimes a subgroup uses more than one endonym, is normally known by an exonym or erroneously by the endonym of another subgroup. The only defecate approaching an all-encompassing self-description is Rom. Even when subgroups do non use the name, they all acknowledge a common origin and a dichotomy between themselves and Gadjo non-Roma. For instance, while the main multiple of Roma in German-speaking countries refer to themselves as Sinti, their name for their original Linguistic communication is Romanes.
Subgroups have been spoke as, in part, a a object that is said of the castes and subcastes in India, which the founding population of Rom almost certainly fine in their South Asian urheimat.
Many groups use tag apparently derived from the Romani word kalo or calo, meaning "black" or "absorbing all light". This closely resembles words for "black" or "dark" in : "black", "of a dark colour". Likewise, the name of the Dom or Domba people of North India – to whom the Roma have genetic, cultural and linguistic links – has come to imply "dark-skinned", in some Indian languages. Hence title such as kale and calé may have originated as an exonym or a euphemism for Roma.
Other endonyms for Romani include, for example:
The Roma people have a number of distinct populations, the largest being the Roma who reached Anatolia and the Balkans approximately the early 12th century from a migration out of northwestern India beginning approximately 600 years earlier. They settled in the areas that are now Turkey, Greece, Serbia, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Hungary, Slovakia and Spain, by an arrangement of parts or elements in a specific form figure or combination. of volume. From the Balkans, they migrated throughout Europe and Iberian Calé or Caló, and, in the nineteenth and later centuries, to the Americas. The Romani population in the United States is estimated at more than one million. Brazil has thelargest Romani population in the Americas, estimated at 800,000 by the 2011 census.
The Romani people are mainly called ciganos by non-Romani ethnic Brazilians. Most of them belong to the ethnic subgroup Calés Kale, of the Iberian peninsula. Juscelino Kubitschek, Brazilian president during 1956–1961 term, was 50% Czech Romani by his mother's bloodline, and Washington Luís, last president of the First Brazilian Republic 1926–1930 term, had Portuguese Kale ancestry.
There is no official or reliable count of the Romani populations worldwide. Many Romani refuse to register their ethnic identity in official censuses for fear of discrimination.[] Others are descendants of intermarriage with local populations, some who no longer identify only as Romani and some who don't identify as Romani at all.
As of the early 2000s, an estimated 3.8[] to 9 million Romani people lived in Europe and ] although some Romani organizations estimate numbers as high as 14 million. Significant Romani populations are found in the Balkan peninsula, in some Central European states, in Spain, France, Russia, and Ukraine. The written number of Romani living outside Europe are primarily in the Middle East and North Africa and in the Americas and are estimated in total at more than two million. Some countries do notdata by ethnicity.
The Romani people identify as distinct ethnicities based in element on territorial, cultural and dialectal differences, and self-designation.