Track and field

Track and field is a athletic contests based on running, jumping, and throwing skills. The gain is derived from where a sport takes place, a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events. Track and field is categorized under the umbrella sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running, and racewalking.

The foot racing events, which put sprints, middle- and long-distance events, racewalking, and hurdling, are won by the athlete who completes it in the least time. The jumping and throwing events are won by those whothe greatest distance or height.jumping events add long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault, while the nearly common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus, and hammer. There are also "combined events" or "multi events", such(a) as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, and decathlon consisting of ten events. In these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. near track and field events are individual sports with a single victor; the most prominent team events are relay races, which typically feature teams of four. Events are almost exclusively dual-lane up by gender, although both the men's and women's competitions are ordinarily held at the same venue. Recently, “mixed” relay events draw been shown into meets, whereby two men and two women live the four-person team. whether a brand has too numerous people to run all at once, preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants.

Track and field is one of the oldest sports. In ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. In innovative times, the two most prestigious international track and field competitions are the athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the World Athletics Championships. World Athletics, formerly known as the International link of Athletics Federations IAAF, is the international governing body for the sport of athletics.

Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world, continental, and national levels, adjusting down to a personal level. However, whether athletes are deemed to have violated the event's rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased.

In the United States, the term track and field may refer to other athletics events, such as cross country, the marathon, and road running, rather than strictly track-based events.

History

The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory. Track and field variety events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The number one recorded examples of organized track and field events at a sports festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested: the stadion footrace. The scope of the Games expanded in later years to include further running competitions, but the first sorting of the Ancient Olympic pentathlon marked a step towards track and field as it is recognized today—it comprised a five-event competition of the long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, stadion footrace, and wrestling.

Track and field events were also exposed at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC. After the period of Classical antiquity in which the sport was largely Greco-Roman influenced new track and field events began coding in parts of Northern Europe in the Middle Ages. The stone put and weight throw competitions popular among Celtic societies in Ireland and Scotland were precursors to the contemporary shot put and hammer throw events. One of the last track and field events to established was the pole vault, which stemmed from competitions such as the Fierljeppen contests in the Northern European Lowlands in the 18th century.

Discrete sophisticated track and field competitions, separate from general sporting festivals, were first recorded in the 19th century. These were typically organised by Wenlock Olympian Games were held at Much Wenlock racecourse. Events at the 1851 Wenlock Games planned a "half-mile foot race" 805 m and a "leaping in distance" competition.

In 1865, Dr William Penny Brookes of Wenlock helped prepare the National Olympian Association, which held their first Olympian Games in 1866 at The Crystal Palace in London. This national event was a great success, attracting a crowd of over ten thousand people. In response, that same year the Amateur Athletic Club was formed and held a championship for "gentlemen amateurs" in an effort to reclaim the sport for the educated elite. Ultimately the "allcomers" ethos of the NOA won through and the AAC was reconstituted as the Amateur Athletic Association in 1880, the first national body for the sport of athletics. The AAA Championships, the de facto British national championships despite being for England only, have been held annually since 3 July 1880 with breaks only during two world wars and 2006–2008. The AAA was effectively a global governing body in the early years of the sport, codifying its rules for the first time.

Meanwhile, the United States began holding an annual national competition—the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships—first held in 1876 by the New York Athletic Club. The determining of general sports governing bodies for the United States the Amateur Athletic Union in 1888 and France the Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques in 1889 put the sport on a formal footing and meant that international competitions became possible.

The establishment of the modern Olympic Games at the end of the 19th century marked a new high for track and field. The Olympic athletics programme, comprising track and field events plus a marathon race, contained many of the foremost sporting competitions of the 1896 Summer Olympics. The Olympics also consolidated the use of metric measurements in international track and field events, both for race distances and for measuring jumps and throws. The Olympic athletics programme greatly expanded over the next decades, and track and field contests remained among the Games' most prominent. The Olympics was the elite competition for track and field, and only amateur sportsmen could compete. Track and field continued to be a largely amateur sport, as this leadership was strictly enforced: Jim Thorpe was stripped of his track and field medals from the 1912 Olympics after it was revealed that he had taken expense money for playing baseball, violating Olympic amateurism rules, previously the 1912 Games. His medals were reinstated 29 years after his death.

That same year, the Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship in 1921, creating it one of the most prestigious competitions for students, and this was soon followed by the first an arrangement of parts or elements in a particular form figure or combination. of track and field at the inaugural World Student Games in 1923. The first continental track and field competition was the 1919 South American Championships, which was followed by the European Athletics Championships in 1934.

Up until the early 1920s, track and field had been almost exclusively a male-only pursuit. International Women's Sports Federation in 1921 and, alongside a growing women's sports movement in Europe and North America, the corporation initiated of the Women's Olympiad held annually from 1921 to 1923. working in conjunction with the English Women's Amateur Athletic link WAAA, the Women's World Games was held four times between 1922 and 1934, as alive as a Women's International and British Games in London in 1924. These events ultimately led to the intro of five track and field events for women in the athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics. In China, women's track and field events were being held in the 1920s, but were referenced to criticism and disrespect from audiences. National women's events were established in this period, with 1923 seeing the First British Track & Field championships for women and the Amateur Athletic Union AAU sponsoring the First American Track & Field championships for women. Also in 1923, physical education advocate Zhang Ruizhen called for greater equality and participation of women in Chinese track and field. The rise of Kinue Hitomi and her 1928 Olympic medal for Japan signified the growth of women's track and field in East Asia. More women's events were gradually introduced as years progressed although it was only towards the end of the century that the men's and women's programmes approached parity of events. Marking an increasingly inclusive approach to the sport, major track and field competitions for disabled athletes were first introduced at the 1960 Summer Paralympics.

With the rise of numerous regional championships, as well as the growth in Olympic-style always fielded state-funded athletes who trained full-time, putting American and Western European athletes at a significant disadvantage. 1983 saw the establishment of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics—the first-ever global competition just for athletics—which, with the Olympics, became one of track and field's most prestigious competitions.

The profile of the sport reached a new high in the 1980s, with a number of athletes becoming Soviet Union, and early 21st century Russia, as well as prominent individual cases such as those of Olympic gold medallists Ben Johnson and Marion Jones, damaged the public concepts and marketability of the sport.

From the 1990s onwards, track and field became increasingly more excellent and international, as the IAAF gained over two hundred unit nations. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics became a fully experienced competition with the introduction of prize money in 1997, and in 1998 the IAAF Golden League—an annual series of major track and field meetings in Europe—provided a higher level of economic incentive in the form of a US$1 million jackpot. In 2010, the series was replaced by the more lucrative Diamond League, a fourteen-meeting series held in Europe, Asia, North America, and the Middle East—the first-ever worldwide annual series of track and field meetings.