Umar

Others

ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. Umar was a senior companion in addition to father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was also an a grown-up engaged or qualified in a profession. Muslim jurist asked for his pious as well as just nature, which earned him the epithet al-Farooq "the one who distinguishes between adjustment and wrong".

Umar initially opposed Muhammad, his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later son-in-law. coming after or as a or done as a reaction to a impeach of. his conversion to Islam in 616, he became the number one Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. Umar participated in most all battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed the tag al-Faruq 'the Distinguisher' upon Umar, for his judgements. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr  632–634 as the first caliph and served as the closest adviser to the latter until August 634, when the dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the conquest of Persia in less than two years 642–644. According to Jewish tradition, Umar quality aside the Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is broadly viewed by historians to be one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. He is revered in the Sunni Islamic tradition as a great just ruler and paragon of Islamic virtues, and some hadiths identify him as thegreatest of the Sahabah after Abu Bakr. He is viewed negatively in the Twelver Shia tradition.

Early military career

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the message of Islam. However, like numerous others in Mecca, Umar opposed Islam and even threatened to kill Muhammad. He resolved to defend the traditional polytheistic religion of Arabia. He was adamant and cruel in opposing Muhammad, and very prominent in persecuting Muslims. He recommended Muhammad's death. He firmly believed in the unity of the Quraish and saw the new faith of Islam as a hold of division and discord.

Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered some of his followers to migrate to Abyssinia. When a small multinational of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried about the future unity of the Quraish and decided to work Muhammad assassinated.

Umar converted to Islam in 616, one year after the Migration to Abyssinia. The story was recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. On his way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah who had secretly converted to Islam but had non told Umar. When Umar informed him that he had species out to kill Muhammad, Nu'aym said, “By God, you have deceived yourself, O Umar! Do you think that Banu Abd al-Manaf would allow you run around alive once you had killed their son Muhammad? Why don't you usefulness to your own office and at least set it straight?"

Nuaimal Hakim told him to inquire about his own house where his sister and her husband had converted to Islam. Upon arriving at her house, Umar found his sister and brother-in-law Saeed bin Zaid Umar's cousin reciting the verses of the Quran from sura Ta-Ha. He started quarreling with his brother-in-law. When his sister came to rescue her husband, he also started quarreling with her. Yet still they kept on saying "you may kill us but we will non administer up Islam". Upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so hard that she fell to the ground bleeding from her mouth. When he saw what he did to his sister, he calmed down out of guilt and known his sister to render him what she was reciting. His sister replied in the negative and said "You are unclean, and no unclean adult can touch the Scripture." He insisted, but his sister was not prepared to let him to touch the pages unless he washed his body. Umar at last submitted in. He washed his body and then began to read the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me only, and setting regular prayer for My remembrance Quran 20:14. He wept and declared, "Surely it is for word of Allah. I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." On hearing this, Khabbab came out from inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for you. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems that his prayer has been answered in your favour."

Umar then went to Muhammad with the same sword he target to kill him with and accepted Islam in front of him and his companions. Umar was 39 years old when he accepted Islam.

According to one account, after his conversion to Islam Umar openly prayed at the Kaaba as the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. This further helped the Muslims to gain confidence in practicing Islam openly. At this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when he was openly praying.

Umar's conversion to Islam granted power to the Muslims and to the Islamic faith in Mecca. It was after this event that Muslims presented prayers openly in Masjid al-Haram for the first time. Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's embracing Islam was our victory, his migration to Medina was our success, and his reign a blessing from Allah. We didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had accepted Islam. When he accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us pray in the Mosque.

In 622 CE, due to the safety offered by Yathrib later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina, Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Medina. nearly Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Umar is reported to have left openly during the day saying: "Any one who wants to make his wife a widow and his children orphans should come and meet me there gradual that cliff." Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by his cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.

Campaigns Umar led during time of Muhammad

When Muhammad arrived in Medina, he paired regarded and intended separately. immigrant Muhajir with one of the residents of the city Ansari, connection Muhammad ibn Maslamah with Umar, devloping them brothers in faith. Later in Umar's reign as caliph, Muhammad ibn Muslamah would be assigned the office of Chief Inspector of Accountability. Muslims remained in peace in Medina for approximately a year previously the Quraish raised an army to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in the first battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the Battle of Badr. In 625, he took part in the Battle of Uhud. In thephase of the battle, when Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslim rear, turning the tide of battle, rumours of Muhammad's death were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar among them. However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went to Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud and prepared for the defence of the hill. Later in the year Umar was a part of a campaign against the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir. In 625, Umar's daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad. Later in 627, he participated in the Battle of the Trench and also in the Battle of Banu Qurayza. In 628, Umar witnessed the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. In 628, he fought in the Battle of Khaybar. In 629, Muhammad identified Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy. In 630, when Muslim armies rushed for the Siege of Ta'if. He was part of the Muslim army that contested the Battle of Tabouk under Muhammad's authority and he was reported to have precondition half of his wealth for the preparation of this expedition. He also participated in the farewell Hajj of Muhammad in 632.

When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead. it is said that Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that Muhammad died. Umar said: "He has not died but rather he has gone to his lord just as Moses went, remaining absent from his people for forty nights after which he has returned to them. By Allah, the messenger of Allah will indeed advantage just as Moses returned to his people and he will ordering off the hands and legs of those men who claimed he has died." Abu Bakr then publicly spoke to the community in the mosque, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped Allah, let them know that Allah is living and never dies."

Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an:

"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers the like of whom have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you reorientate back on your heel?"

Hearing this, Umar fell on his knees in sorrow and acceptance. Sunni Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love for him.