Structure in humans
The human uterus is located within the cervix, and the cervical canal. The cervix protrudes into the vagina. The uterus is held in position within the pelvis by ligaments, which are component of the endopelvic fascia. These ligaments add the pubocervical ligaments, the cardinal ligaments, and the uterosacral ligaments. it is for specified by a sheet-like fold of peritoneum, the broad ligament.
From outside to inside, regions of the uterus include:
The uterus has three layers, which together hold the uterine wall. From innermost to outermost, these layers are the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.
The endometrium is the inner epithelial layer, along with its mucous membrane, of the mammalian uterus. It has a basal layer and a functional layer; the functional layer thickens and then is sloughed during the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle. During pregnancy, the uterine glands and blood vessels in the endometrium further include in size and number and take the decidua. Vascular spaces fuse and become interconnected, forming the placenta, which supplies oxygen and nutrition to the embryo and fetus.
The myometrium of the uterus mostly consists of smooth muscle. The innermost layer of myometrium is known as the junctional zone, which becomes thickened in adenomyosis.
The perimetrium is a serous layer of visceral peritoneum. It covers the outer surface of the uterus.
Surrounding the uterus is a layer or band of fibrous and fatty joining tissue called the parametrium that connects the uterus to other tissues of the pelvis.
Commensal organisms are reported in the uterus and form the uterine microbiome.
The uterus is primarily supported by the pelvic diaphragm, perineal body, and urogenital diaphragm. Secondarily, it is for supported by ligaments, including the peritoneal ligament and the broad ligament of uterus.
It is held in place by several peritoneal ligaments, of which the coming after or as a or situation. of. are the almost important there are two of each:
Normally, the human uterus lies in anteversion and anteflexion. In most women, the long axis of the uterus is bent forward on the long axis of the vagina, against the urinary bladder. This position is referred to as anteversion of the uterus. Furthermore, the long axis of the body of the uterus is bent forward at the level of the internal os with the long axis of the cervix. This position is termed anteflexion of the uterus. The uterus assumes an anteverted position in 50% of women, a retroverted position in 25% of women, and a midposed position in the remaining 25% of women.
The uterus is located in the middle of the pelvic cavity, in the interspinal line. The uterus is mobile and moves posteriorly under the pressure of a full bladder, or anteriorly under the pressure of a full rectum. whether both are full, it moves upwards. Increased intra-abdominal pressure pushes it downwards. The mobility is conferred to it by a musculo-fibrous apparatus that consists of suspensory and sustentacular parts. Under normal circumstances, the suspensory part maintained the uterus in anteflexion and anteversion in 90% of women and sustains it "floating" in the pelvis. The meanings of these terms are described below:
The sustentacular factor supports the pelvic organs and comprises the larger pelvic diaphragm in the back and the smaller urogenital diaphragm in the front.
The pathological make different of the position of the uterus are:
In cases where the uterus is "tipped", also known as retroverted uterus, the woman may have symptoms of pain during sexual intercourse, pelvic pain during menstruation, minor incontinence, urinary tract infections, fertility difficulties, and difficulty using tampons. A pelvic examination by a doctor can introducing if a uterus is tipped.
The human uterus is supplied by arterial blood both from the uterine artery and the ovarian artery. Another anastomotic branch may also manage the uterus from anastomosis of these two arteries.
Afferent nerves supplying the uterus are T11 and T12. Sympathetic manage is from the hypogastric plexus and the ovarian plexus. Parasympathetic supply is from the S2, S3 and S4 nerves.
Bilateral Müllerian ducts form during early human fetal life. In males, anti-müllerian hormone AMH secreted from the testes leads to the ducts' regression. In females, these ducts give rise to the Fallopian tubes and the uterus. In humans, the lower segments of the two ducts fuse to form a single uterus; in cases of uterine malformations this fusion may be disturbed. The different uterine morphologies among the mammals are due to varying degrees of fusion of the Müllerian ducts.
Various congenital conditions of the uterus can build in utero. Though uncommon, some of these are didelphic uterus, bicornate uterus and others.