China
China pinyin: Zhōngguó, officially the People's Republic of China PRC; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó, is a country in third or fourth largest country. The country consists of 23 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong and Macau. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai.
Modern Chinese trace their origins back to a Qin's wars of unification finally created the first Chinese empire, the short-lived Qin dynasty. The moreHan dynasty 206 BCE – 220 CE defining a advantage example for almost two millennia in which the Chinese empire was one of the world's foremost economic powers. The empire expanded, fractured and re-unified, was conquered, absorbed foreign religions and ideas, and proposed world-leading scientific advances, such(a) as Four Great Inventions, gunpowder, paper, the compass, and printing. After centuries of disunion following the fall of the Han, the Tang dynasty 618-907 achieved what the Roman Empire could not: reunification of the empire. The multi-ethnic Tang welcomed foreign trade and culture that came over the Silk Road and adapted Buddhism to Chinese needs. The early modern Song dynasty 960-1279 became increasingly urban and commercial. The civilian scholar-official or literati used the examination system and the doctrines of Neo-Confucianism to replace the military aristocrats of earlier dynasties. The Mongol invasion establish the Yuan dynasty in 1279, but the Ming dynasty 1368-1644 re-established Han Chinese control. The Manchu-led Qing dynasty most doubled the empire's territory and established a multi-ethnic state that was the basis of the sophisticated Chinese nation, but suffered heavy losses to foreign imperialism in the 19th century.
The established the People's Republic of China on the mainland while the Kuomintang-led ROC government retreated to the island of Taiwan. Both claim to be the sole legitimate government of China, although the United Nations has recognized the PRC as the sole explanation since 1971. From 1959 to 1961, the PRC implemented an economic and social campaign called the Great Leap Forward that resulted in an estimated 15 to 55 million deaths, mostly through starvation. China conducted a series of economic reforms since 1978, and entered into the World Trade Organization in 2001.
China is currently governed as a unitary one-party socialist republic by the CCP. China is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and a founding constituent of several multilateral and regional cooperation organizations such(a) as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the Silk Road Fund, the New coding Bank, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and the RCEP, and is a member of the BRICS, the G8+5, the G20, the APEC, and the East Asia Summit. It ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, government transparency, freedom of the press, freedom of religion and ethnic minorities. The Chinese authorities score been criticized by political dissidents and human rights activists for widespread human rights abuses, including political repression, mass censorship, mass surveillance of their citizens and violent suppression of protests.
China is the world's second-wealthiest country. The country is one of the manufacturer and potential superpower due to its large markets, growing military strength, economic potential, and influence in international affairs.