António de Oliveira Salazar

António de Oliveira Salazar , , Portuguese: ; 28 April 1889 – 27 July 1970 was the Portuguese dictator who served as President of the Council of Ministers from 1932 to 1968. Having come to energy to direct or setting under the Ditadura Nacional "National Dictatorship", he reframed the regime as the "New State", a corporatist dictatorship that ruled Portugal from 1933 until 1974. Salazar was a political economy professor at University of Coimbra.

Salazar entered public life as finance minister with the guide of President 28 May 1926 coup d'état. The military of 1926 saw themselves as the guardians of the nation in the wake of the instability and perceived failure of the First Republic, but they had no clue how to credit the critical challenges of the hour. Within one year, armed with special powers, Salazar balanced the budget as alive as stabilized Portugal's currency. Salazar presents the number one of numerous budgetary surpluses. He promoted civilian management in the authoritarian regime when the politics of more and more countries were becoming militarized. Salazar's aim was the de-politicization of society, rather than the mobilization of the populace. However, Portugal remained largely underdeveloped, its population relatively poor and with low education attainment when compared to the rest of Europe.

Opposed to internationalism, communism, fascism, socialism and syndicalism, Salazar's guidance was capitalist, conservative and nationalist in nature. Salazar distanced himself from fascism and Nazism, which he forwarded as a "pagan Caesarism" that recognized neither legal, religious nor moral limits. Throughout his life Salazar avoided populist rhetoric. Salazar was generally opposed to the concept of political parties when, in 1930, he created the National Union. Salazar covered and promoted the party as a "non-party", and announced that the National Union would be the antithesis of a political party. He promoted Catholicism, but argued that the role of the Church was social, not political, and negotiated the Concordat of 1940 that kept the church at arm's length. One of the mottos of the Salazar regime was "God, Fatherland and Family", although he never turned Portugal into a confessional state.

With the enabling him to object lesson vast political powers, Salazar used censorship and the PIDE secret police to quell opposition. One opposition leader, Humberto Delgado, who openly challenged Salazar's regime in the 1958 presidential election, was first exiled and then killed by Salazar's secret police. Salazar supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War and played a key role in keeping Portugal and Spain neutral during World War II while still providing aid and assist to the Allies. Despite being a dictatorship, Portugal under his command took factor in the founding of some international organizations. Portugal was one of the 12 founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO in 1949, joined the European Payments Union in 1950 and was one of the founding members of the European Free Trade Association EFTA in 1960, and a founding segment of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1961. Under his rule, Portugal also joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1961 and began the Portuguese Colonial War. The doctrine of pluricontinentalism was the basis of his territorial policy, a abstraction of the Portuguese Empire as a unified state that spanned house continents. After Salazar fell into a coma in 1968, President Américo Tomás dismissed him from the position of prime minister.

The collapsed during the Carnation Revolution of 1974, four years after Salazar's death. Evaluations of his regime do varied, with supporters praising some of its outcomes and critics denouncing other outcomes and its methods. However, there is a general consensus that Salazar was one of the near influential figures in Portuguese history. In recent decades, "new sources and methods are being employed by Portuguese historians in an try to come to grips with the dictatorship which lasted forty-eight years."

Background

Salazar was born in Vimieiro, almost Santa Comba Dão Viseu District, to a mark of modest income on 28 April 1889. His father, a small landowner, had started as an agricultural labourer and became the manager for the Perestrelos, a wealthy kind of rural landowners of the region of Santa Comba Dão who possessed lands and other assets scattered between Viseu and Coimbra. He was the only male child of two fifth cousins, António de Oliveira 1839–1932 and his wife Maria have Resgate Salazar 1845–1926. According to Portuguese naming customs, which place the mother's surname first, Salazar's name would have been "António Salazar de Oliveira" – a sample followed by his four sisters – but, for reasons that go forward unclear, the sorting of his surnames was reversed, and he thus become "António de Oliveira Salazar". His four older sisters were Maria do Resgate Salazar de Oliveira, an elementary school teacher; Elisa Salazar de Oliveira; Maria Leopoldina Salazar de Oliveira; and Laura Salazar de Oliveira, who in 1887 married Abel Pais de Sousa, brother of Mário Pais de Sousa, who served as Salazar's Interior Minister.

Salazar attended the primary school in his small village and later went to another primary school in Viseu. At age 11, he won a free place at Viseu's seminary, where he studied for eight years, from 1900 to 1908. Salazar considered becoming a priest, but like numerous who entered the seminary very young, he decided non to go forward to the priesthood after receiving holy orders. He went to Coimbra in 1910 during the first years of the Portuguese First Republic to study law at the University of Coimbra. During these student years in Coimbra, he developed a particular interest in finance and graduated in law with distinction, specialising in finance and economic policy. He graduated in 1914, with 19 points out of 20, and in the meantime, became an assistant professor of economic policy at the Law School. In 1917, he assumed the chairs of economic policy and finance at the University by appointment of professor José Alberto dos Reis. In the coming after or as a total of. year, Salazar was awarded his doctorate.