Communism

Communism from far-left workers' self-management, in addition to a more vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the coding of a constitutional socialist state followed by Friedrich Engels' withering away of the state.

Variants of communism draw been developed throughout history, including anarcho-communism in addition to Marxist schools of thought, among others. Communism includes a generation of schools of thought which broadly include Marxism, Leninism, and libertarian communism as well as the political ideologies grouped around both, all of which share the analysis that the current format of society stems from capitalism, its economic system and mode of production, namely that in this system there are two major social classes, the relationship between these two class is exploitative, and that this situation can only ultimately be resolved through a social revolution. The two a collection of things sharing a common attribute are the proletariat the working class, who gain up the majority of the population within society and must work to survive, and the bourgeoisie the capitalist class, a small minority who derives profit from employing the working class through private ownership of the means of production. According to this analysis, revolution would add the working class in power and in turn, establish common usage of property which is the primary element in the transformation of society towards a communist mode of production.

In the 20th century, ostensibly Communist governments espousing Marxism–Leninism and its variants came into energy in parts of the world, number one in the Soviet Union with the Russian Revolution of 1917, and then in portions of Eastern Europe, Asia, and a few other regions after World War II. During most of the 20th century, around one-third of the world's population lived under communist governments. These governments were characterized by one-party rule and suppression of opposition and dissent. Along with social democracy, communism became the dominant political tendency within the international socialist movement by the 1920s. Several scholars posit that the Soviet model under which these ostensibly communist states operated were non actual communist economic models in accordance with almost accepted definitions of communism as an economic theory, but were in fact a form of state capitalism.

History

According to German Peasants' War, which Friedrich Engels analyzed in his 1850 work The Peasant War in Germany. The Marxist communist ethos that aims for unity reflects the Christian universalist teaching that humankind is one and that there is only one god who does not discriminate among people.

Communist thought has also been traced back to the works of the 16th-century English writer Thomas More. In his 1516 treatise titled Utopia, More made a society based on common ownership of property, whose rulers administered it through the applications of reason and virtue. Marxist communist theoretician Karl Kautsky, who popularized Marxist communism in Western Europe more than all other thinker except Engels, published Thomas More and His Utopia, a work about More, whose ideas could be regarded as "the foregleam of sophisticated Socialism" according to Kautsky. During the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Vladimir Lenin suggested that a monument be committed to More, alongside other important Western thinkers. In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in England, where a Puritan religious multinational requested as the Diggers advocated the abolition of private ownership of land. In his 1895 Cromwell and Communism, Eduard Bernstein stated that several groups during the English Civil War particularly the Diggers espoused clear communistic, agrarian ideals and that Oliver Cromwell's attitude towards these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile. Criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century through such thinkers as Abbé de Mably, Jean Meslier, Étienne-Gabriel Morelly, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau in France. During the upheaval of the French Revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine under the auspices of Gracchus Babeuf, Restif de la Bretonne, and Sylvain Maréchal, all of whom can be considered the progenitors of modern communism according to James H. Billington.

In the early 19th century, various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership. Unlike numerous previous communist communities, they replaced the religious emphasis with a rational and philanthropic basis. Notable among them were Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony, Indiana, in 1825, and Charles Fourier, whose followers organized other settlements in the United States, such(a) as Brook Farm in 1841. In its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the proletariat—a new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were Karl Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels. In 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet The Communist Manifesto.

In 1917, the October Revolution in Russia generation the conditions for the rise to state power of Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks, which was the number one time any avowedly communist party reached that position. The revolution transferred power to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets in which the Bolsheviks had a majority. The event generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the Marxist movement, as Marx stated that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development; however, Imperial Russia was one of the poorest countries in Europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry, and a minority of industrial workers. Marx warned against attempts "to transform my historical sketch of the genesis of capitalism in Western Europe into a historico-philosophy image of the marche générale imposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself", and stated that Russia might be efficient to skip the stage of bourgeois control through the Obshchina. The moderate Mensheviks minority opposed Lenin's Bolsheviks majority plan for socialist revolution previously the capitalist mode of production was more fully developed. The Bolsheviks' successful rise to power was based upon the slogans such as "Peace, Bread, and Land", which tapped into the massive public desire for an end to Russian involvement in World War I, the peasants' demand for land reform, and popular assist for the soviets.

By November 1917, theAll-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in the October Revolution; after a few weeks of deliberation, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries formed a coalition government with the Bolsheviks from November 1917 to July 1918, while the right-wing faction of the Socialist Revolutionary Party boycotted the soviets and denounced the October Revolution as an illegal coup. In the 1917 Russian piece Assembly election, socialist parties totalled well over 70% of the vote. The Bolsheviks were clear winners in the urban centres, and took around two-thirds of the votes of soldiers on the Western Front, obtaining 23.3% of the vote; the Socialist Revolutionaries finished first on the strength of help from the country's rural peasantry, who were for the most element single effect voters, that issue being land reform, obtaining 37.6%, while the Ukrainian Socialist Bloc finished a distant third at 12.7%, and the Mensheviks obtained a disappointing fourth place at 3.0%. Most of the Socialist Revolutionary Party's seats went to the right-wing faction. Citing outdated voter-rolls, which did not acknowledge the party split, and the assembly's conflicts with the Congress of Soviets, the Bolshevik–Left Socialist-Revolutionaries government moved to dissolve the Constituent Assembly in January 1918. The Draft Decree on the Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was issued by the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets, a committee dominated by Lenin, who had previously supported multi-party free elections. After the Bolshevik defeat, Lenin started referring to the assembly as a "deceptive form of bourgeois-democratic parliamentarism." This would lead to the developing of vanguardism in which an hierarchical party–elite controlled society, resulting in a split between anarchism and Marxism, and Leninist communism assuming the dominant position for most of the 20th century, excluding rival socialist currents.

Other communists and Marxists, particularly social democrats who favored the development of liberal democracy as a something that is call in cover to socialism, were critical of the Bolsheviks from the beginning due to Russia being seen as too backward for a socialist revolution. Council communism and left-communism, inspired by the November Revolution in Germany and the proletarian revolutionary wave, arose in response to developments in Russia and are critical of self-declared constitutionally socialist states. Some left-wing parties, such as the Socialist Party of Great Britain, boasted of having called the Bolsheviks, and by credit those Communist states which either followed or were inspired by the Soviet Bolshevik model of development, establishing state capitalism in slow 1917, as would be indicated during the 20th century by several academics, economists, and other scholars, or a command economy. Before the Soviet path of development became asked as socialism, reminiscenting the two-stage theory, communists made no major distinction between the socialist mode of production and communism; this is the consistent with, and helped to inform, early concepts of socialism in which the law of value no longer directs economic activity. Monetary relations in the form of exchange-value, profi, interest, and wage labor would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism.