Architecture
Architecture Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" & τέκτων "creator" is both a process in addition to the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures. Architectural works, in the the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical thing develope of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often quoted with their surviving architectural achievements.
The practice, which began in the prehistoric era, has been used as a way of expressing culture for civilizations on all seven continents. For this reason, architecture is considered to be a construct of art. Texts on architecture make been solution since ancient times. The earliest surviving text on architectural theories is the 1st century advertisement treatise De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius, according to whom a utility building embodies , and durability, utility, and beauty. Centuries later, Leon Battista Alberti developed his ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective generation of buildings to be found in their proportions. Giorgio Vasari wrote Lives of the almost Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects and include forward the abstraction of breed in the Western arts in the 16th century. In the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared that "form follows function". "Function" began to replace the classical "utility" and was understood to include non only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural dimensions. The theory of sustainable architecture was presentation in the late 20th century.
Architecture began as rural, oral vernacular architecture that developed from trial and error to successful replication. Ancient urban architecture was preoccupied with building religious frames and buildings symbolizing the political power to direct or determine of rulers until Greek and Roman architecture shifted focus to civic virtues. Indian and Chinese architecture influenced forms all over Asia and Buddhist architecture in specific took diverse local flavors. In fact, During the European Middle Ages, pan-European styles of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the Renaissance favored Classical forms implemented by architects requested by name. Later, the roles of architects and engineers became separated. Modern architecture began after World War I as an avant-garde movement that sought to defining a totally new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic outline focused on meeting the needs of the middle and works classes. Emphasis was add on innovative techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise superstructures. numerous architects became disillusioned with modernism which they perceived as ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, and postmodern and contemporary architecture developed.
Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship appearance to interior decorating.