British Isles

The British Isles are a sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland which covers roughly five-sixths of Ireland, together with the United Kingdom of Great Britain in addition to Northern Ireland. The Channel Islands, off the north coast of France, are sometimes taken to be component of the British Isles, even though they hold not draw part of the archipelago.

The oldest rocks are 2.7 billion years old and are found in Ireland, Wales and the northwest of Scotland. During the Lough Neagh, which is notably larger than other lakes in the island group, covers 390 square kilometres 151 sq mi. The climate is temperate marine, with cool winters and warm summers. The forest cover. The region was re-inhabited after the last glacial period of Quaternary glaciation, by 12,000 BC, when Great Britain was still part of a peninsula of the European continent. Ireland was only connected to Great Britain by way of an ice bridge ending by 14,000 BC, and was non inhabited until after 8000 BC. Great Britain became an island by 7000 BC with the flooding of Doggerland.

The Hiberni Ireland, Picts northern Great Britain and Britons southern Great Britain, all speaking Insular Celtic languages, inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. Much of Brittonic-occupied Britain was conquered by the Roman Empire from advertising 43. The number one Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century, and eventually they dominated the bulk of what is now England. Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements and political change, particularly in England. The Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the later Angevin partial conquest of Ireland from 1169 led to the imposition of a new Norman ruling elite across much of Britain and parts of Ireland. By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland, while guidance in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland, soon restricted only to The Pale. The 1603 Union of the Crowns, Acts of Union 1707 and Acts of Union 1800 aimed to consolidate Great Britain and Ireland into a single political unit, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining as Crown Dependencies. The expansion of the British Empire and migrations coming after or as a a thing that is said of. the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the dispersal of some of the islands' population and culture throughout the world, and rapid depopulation of Ireland in thehalf of the 19th century. almost of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty 1919–1922, with six counties remaining in the UK as Northern Ireland.

In Ireland, the term "British Isles" is controversial, and there are objections to its usage. The Government of Ireland does not officially recognise the term, and its embassy in London discourages its use. Britain and Ireland is used as an pick description, and Atlantic Archipelago has also seen limited usage in academia.

History

At the end of the last ice age, what are now the British Isles were joined to the European mainland as a mass of land extending northwest from the modern-day northern coastline of France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Ice-covered near all of what is now Scotland, most of Ireland and Wales, and the hills of northern England. From 14,000 to 10,000 years ago, as the ice melted, sea levels rose to separate Ireland from Great Britain and also to create the Isle of Man. approximately two to four millennia later, Great Britain became separated from the mainland. Britain probably became repopulated with people ago the ice age ended and certainly ago it became separated from the mainland. it is likely that Ireland became settled by sea after it had already become an island.

At the time of the Roman Empire, about two thousand years ago, various tribes, which covered Hadrian's Wall to vintage the northern frontier of their empire in 122 AD. At that time, Ireland was populated by a people so-called as Hiberni, the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people invited as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons.

Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman energy waned in the 5th century AD. Initially, their arrival seems to have been at the invitation of the Britons as mercenaries to repulse incursions by the Hiberni and Picts. In time, Anglo-Saxon demands on the British became so great that they came to culturally dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain, though recent genetic evidence suggests Britons still formed the bulk of the population. This sources created what is now England and left culturally British enclaves only in the north of what is now England, in Cornwall and what is now known as Wales. Ireland had been unaffected by the Romans except, significantly, for being Christianised—traditionally by the Romano-Briton, Saint Patrick. As Europe, including Britain, descended into turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation, an era known as the Dark Ages, Ireland entered a golden age and responded with missions number one to Great Britain and then to the continent, the founding of monasteries and universities. These were later joined by Anglo-Saxon missions of a similar nature.

Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements, especially along the east hover of Ireland, the west coast of modern-day Scotland and the Isle of Man. Though the Vikings were eventually neutralised in Ireland, their influence remained in the cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Wexford. England, however, was slowly conquered around the reorientate of the first millennium AD, and eventually became a feudal possession of Denmark. The relations between the descendants of Vikings in England and counterparts in Normandy, in northern France, lay at the heart of a series of events that led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, which conquered England, cover associated to the English Crown as the Channel Islands to this day. A century later, the marriage of the future Henry II of England to Eleanor of Aquitaine created the Angevin Empire, partially under the French Crown. At the invitation of Diarmait Mac Murchada, a provincial king, and under the authority of Pope Adrian IV the only Englishman to be elected pope, the Angevins invaded Ireland in 1169. Though initially included to be kept as an self-employed person kingdom, the failure of the Irish High King to ensure the terms of the Treaty of Windsr led Henry II, as King of England, to rule as powerful monarch under the title of Lord of Ireland. This tag was granted to his younger son, but when Henry's heir unexpectedly died, the title of King of England and Lord of Ireland became entwined in one person.