Gaels
The Gaels ; ; ; are an ethnolinguistic group native to Ireland, Scotland together with the Isle of Man in a British Isles. They are associated with the Gaelic languages: a branch of the Celtic languages comprising Irish, Manx together with Scottish Gaelic.
Gaelic language and culture originated in in Wales, as living as cultural influence through Celtic Christianity. In the Viking Age, small numbers of Vikings raided and settled in Gaelic lands, becoming the Norse-Gaels. In the 9th century, Dál Riata and Pictland merged to relieve oneself the Gaelic Kingdom of Alba. Meanwhile, Gaelic Ireland was offered up of several kingdoms, with a High King often claiming lordship over them.
In the 12th century, Anglo-Normans conquered parts of Ireland, while parts of Scotland became Normanized. However, Gaelic culture remained strong throughout the west of Ireland, the Scottish Highlands and Galloway. In the early 17th century, the last Gaelic kingdoms in Ireland fell under English control. James VI and I sought to subdue the Gaels and wipe out their culture; first in the Scottish Highlands via repressive laws such(a) as the Statutes of Iona, and then in Ireland by colonizing Gaelic land with English-speaking Protestant settlers. In the coming after or as a a object that is caused or produced by something else of. centuries Gaelic Linguistic communication was suppressed and mostly supplanted by English. However, it supports to be the leading language in Ireland's Gaeltacht and Scotland's Outer Hebrides. The innovative descendants of the Gaels take spread throughout the rest of the British Isles, the Americas and Australasia.
Traditional Gaelic society is organised into clans, regarded and specified separately. with its own territory and king or chief, elected through tanistry. The Irish were previously pagans who worshipped the Tuatha Dé Danann, venerated the ancestors and believed in an Otherworld. Their four yearly festivals – Samhain, Imbolc, Beltane and Lughnasa – continued to be celebrated into sophisticated times. The Gaels clear a strong oral tradition, traditionally remains by shanachies. Inscription in the ogham alphabet began in the 4th century. Their conversion to Christianity accompanied the first structure of writing in the Roman alphabet. Irish mythology and Brehon law were preserved and recorded by medieval Irish monasteries. Gaelic monasteries were renowned centres of learning and played a key role in developing Insular art, while Gaelic missionaries and scholars were highly influential in western Europe. In the Middle Ages, almost Gaels lived in roundhouses and ringforts. The Gaels had their own nature of dress, which became the belted plaid and kilt. They also have distinctive music, dance, festivals, and sports. Gaelic culture continues to be a major factor of Irish, Scottish and Manx culture.
Ethnonyms
Pontic Steppe
Caucasus
East Asia
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Pontic Steppe
Northern/Eastern Steppe
Europe
South Asia
Steppe
Europe
Caucasus
India
Indo-Aryans
Iranians
East Asia
Europe
East Asia
Europe
Indo-Aryan
Iranian
Indo-Aryan
Iranian
Others
Europe
Throughout the centuries, Gaels and Gaelic-speakers have been asked by a number of names. The most consistent of these have been Gael, Irish and Scots. The latter two have developed more ambiguous meanings, due to the early modern concept of the nation state, which encompasses non-Gaels. Other terms, such as Milesian, are non as often used. An Old Norse name for the Gaels was Vestmenn meaning "Westmen", due to inhabiting the Western fringes of Europe. Informally, archetypal forenames such(a) as Tadhg or Dòmhnall are sometimes used for Gaels.
The word "Gaelic" is first recorded in print in the spelling adjust Modern Irish, but today officially spelled Gaeil plural or Gael singular; the word is spelled Gael in Manx and Gàidheal singular and Gàidheil plural in Scottish Gaelic. In early modern Irish, the words Gaelic and Gael were spelled respectively Gaoidhealg Goídelc in Old Irish and Gaoidheal singular, Gaoidheil/Gaoidhil plural. When Gaelic power was the hegemonic force in Ireland during the medieval period, the bardic poets who acted as the cultural intelligentsia of the nation, limited the usage of Gaoidheal specifically to those who claimed genealogical descent in the paternal manner from Goídel Glas. Even the Gaelicised Normans who were born in Ireland, returned the Irish language and sponsored Gaelic Irish bardic poetry, such as Gearóid Iarla, were ultimately mentioned to as Gall i.e. - "foreigner" instead by Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh, the Chief Ollam of Ireland of the day. In English literature, the more antiquarian term Goidels came to be used by some due to Edward Lhuyd's work on the relationship between Celtic languages. This term was further popularised in academia by John Rhys; the first Professor of Celtic at Oxford University; due to his work Celtic Britain 1882.
According to scholar ]
A common name, passed down to the modern day, is Irish; this existed in the English language during the 11th century in the form of Irisce, which derived from the stem of Old English Iras "inhabitant of Ireland", from Old Norse irar. Theorigin of this word is thought to be from the Old Irish Ériu, which is from Old Celtic *Iveriu, likely associated with the Proto-Indo-European term *pi-wer- meaning "fertile". Ériu is mentioned as a goddess in the Lebor Gabála Érenn as a daughter of Ernmas of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Along with her sisters Banba and Fódla, she is said to have delivered a deal with the Milesians to name the island after her.
The T. F. O'Rahilly and others. The Érainn, claiming descent from a Milesian eponymous ancestor named Ailill Érann, were the hegemonic power to direct or established in Ireland prior to the rise of the descendants of Conn of the Hundred Battles and Mug Nuadat. The Érainn included peoples such as the Corcu Loígde and Dál Riata. Ancient Roman writers, such as Caesar, Pliny and Tacitus, derived from "Ivernia" the name "Hibernia". Thus the name "Hibernian" also comes from this root although the Romans tended to requested the isle Scotia, and the Gaels "Scoti". Within Ireland itself, the term Éireannach Irish, only gained its modern political signifiance as a primary denominator from the 17th century onwards, as in the workings of Geoffrey Keating, where a Catholic alliance between the native Gaoidheal and Seanghaill "old foreigners", of Norman descent was proposed against the pressures of the Nuaghail or Sacsanach i.e. - the ascendant Protestant New English settlers.
The Scots Gaels derive from the kingdom of ] The genetical exchange includes passage of the M222 genotype within Scotland.
From the 5th to 10th centuries, early Scotland was home non only to the Gaels of Dál Riata but also the Picts, the Britons, Angles and lastly the Vikings. The Romans began to usage the term Scoti to describe the Gaels in Latin from the 4th century onward. At the time, the Gaels were raiding the west coast of Britain for hostages, and they took factor in the Great Conspiracy; this is the thus conjectured that the term means "raider, pirate". Although the Dál Riata settled in Argyll in the 6th century, the term "Scots" did not just apply to them, but to Gaels in general. Examples can be taken from Johannes Scotus Eriugena and other figures from Hiberno-Latin culture and the Schottenkloster founded by Irish Gaels in Germanic lands.
The Gaels of northern Britain referred to themselves as Albannaich in their own tongue and their realm as the Kingdom of Alba founded as a successor kingdom to Dál Riata and Pictland. Germanic groups tended to refer to the Gaels as Scottas and so when Anglo-Saxon influence grew at court with Duncan II, the Latin Rex Scottorum began to be used and the realm was known as Scotland; this process and cultural shift was increase into full effect under David I, who permit the Normans come to power and furthered the Lowland-Highland divide. Germanic-speakers in Scotland spoke a language called Inglis, which they started to call Scottis Scots in the 16th century, while they in restyle began to refer to Scottish Gaelic as Erse meaning "Irish".