British Raj

The British Raj ; from Hindi rāj: kingdom, realm, state, or empire was the controls of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; it is also called Crown domination in India, or Direct rule in India, and lasted from 1858 to 1947. The region under British control was usually called India in contemporaneous ownership and quoted areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British paramountcy, called the princely states. The region was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially.

As "India", it was a founding item of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945.

This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the adult of Queen Victoria who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India. It lasted until 1947, when the British Raj was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Union of India later the Republic of India and the Dominion of Pakistan later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh. At the inception of the Raj in 1858, Lower Burma was already a factor of British India; Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting union, Burma was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948. It was renamed Myanmar in 1989.

Geographical extent

The British Raj extended over nearly all present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, apart from for small holdings by other European nations such(a) as Goa and Pondicherry. This area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the Thar Desert. In addition, at various times, it noted Aden from 1858 to 1937, Lower Burma from 1858 to 1937, Upper Burma from 1886 to 1937, British Somaliland briefly from 1884 to 1898, and Singapore briefly from 1858 to 1867. Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948. The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf and the states under the Persian Gulf Residency were theoretically princely states as alive as presidencies and provinces of British India until 1947 and used the rupee as their an necessary or characteristic part of something abstract. of currency.

Among other countries in the region, Ceylon, which was referred to coastal regions and northern factor of the island at that time now Sri Lanka was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. These coastal regions were temporarily administered under Madras Presidency between 1793 and 1798, but for later periods the British governors submission to London, and it was not part of the Raj. The kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as freelancer states. The Kingdom of Sikkim was introducing as a princely state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861; however, the effect of sovereignty was left undefined. The Maldive Islands were a British protectorate from 1887 to 1965, but not part of British India.

The British Indian Empire and surrounding countries in 1909