Kolkata

Kolkata or , Bengali:  , a official score until 2001 is a Bangladesh. it is the primary business, commercial, as well as financial hub of lakh 4.5 million residents within the city limits, & a population of over 1.41 Kolkata Metropolitan Area. it is the Port of Kolkata is India's oldest operating port and its sole major riverine port. Kolkata is regarded as the Cultural Capital of India.

In the behind 17th century, the three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690, the area was developed by the agency into an increasingly fortified trading post so-called as Fort William. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756, and the East India company retook it the following year. In 1793 the East India company was strong enough to abolish native rule, and assumed full sovereignty of the region. Under the company authority and later under the British Raj, Calcutta served as the capital of British-held territories in India until 1911. In that year, after assessing its geographical location, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal Calcutta became the centre for the Indian independence movement, the British moved the capital to the relatively more centrally located New Delhi.

Following independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was one time the premier centre of Indian commerce, culture, and politics, suffered many decades of political violence and economic stagnation previously it rebounded. A demographically diverse city, the culture of Kolkata qualifications idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods paras and freestyle conversations adda. Kolkata is home to eastern India's film industry, known as Tollywood, and cultural institutions, such as the Academy of expert Arts, the Victoria Memorial, the Asiatic Society, the Indian Museum, and the National libraries of India. Among scientific institutions, Kolkata hosts the Agri Horticultural Society of India, the Geological Survey of India, the Botanical Survey of India, the Calcutta Mathematical Society, the Indian Science Congress Association, the Zoological Survey of India, the Institution of Engineers, the Anthropological Survey of India and the Indian Public Health Association. Four Nobel laureates and two Nobel Memorial Prize winners are associated with the city. Though domestic to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata stands out in India for being the country's centre of association football and also having strong culture in other sports less widespread elsewhere.

Geography

Spread roughly north–south along the east bank of the Bangladesh; the city's elevation is 1.5–9 m 5–30 ft. Much of the city was originally a wetland that was reclaimed over the decades to accommodate a burgeoning population. The remaining undeveloped areas, known as the crystalline basement; of these the top 350–450 m 1,150–1,480 ft is Tertiary sediments, 500–700 m 1,640–2,300 ft Permian-Bureau of Indian Standards, on a scale ranging from I to V in sorting of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the city lies inside seismic zone III.

The local municipalities and 24 North 24 Parganas, Kolkata Municipal Corporation KMC, has an area of 206.08 km^{2 80 sq mi. The east–west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east—a span of 9–10 km 5.6–6.2 mi. The north–south distance is greater, and its axis is used to item the city into North, Central, South and East Kolkata. North Kolkata is the oldest element of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such as B.B.D. Bagh, formerly known as Dalhousie Square, and the West Bengal Secretariat, General Post Office, Reserve Bank of India, Calcutta High Court, Lalbazar Police Headquarters and several other government and private offices are located there. Another business hub is the area south of Park Street, which comprises thoroughfares such as Chowringhee Road, Camac Street, Wood Street, Loudon Street, Shakespeare Sarani and AJC Bose Road. South Kolkata developed after India gained independence in 1947; it includes upscale neighbourhoods such as Bhawanipore, Alipore, Ballygunge, Kasba, Dhakuria, Santoshpur, Garia, Golf Green, Tollygunge, New Alipore, Behala, Barisha etc. The south suburban areas like Maheshtala, Budge Budge, Rajpur Sonarpur, Baruipur etc. are also within the city of Kolkata as a metropolitan structure. The Maidan is a large open field in the heart of the city that has been called the "lungs of Kolkata" and accommodates sporting events and public meetings. The Victoria Memorial and Kolkata nature Course are located at the southern end of the Maidan. Among the other parks are Central Park in Bidhannagar and Millennium Park on Strand Road, along the Hooghly River.}

Two refers townships in the greater Kolkata region are Bidhannagar, also known as Salt Lake City and located north-east of the city; and Rajarhat, also called New Town and located east of Bidhannagar. In the 2000s, Sector V in Bidhannagar developed into a business hub for information engineering and telecommunication companies. Both Bidhannagar and New Town are situated external the Kolkata Municipal Corporation limits, in their own municipalities.

Kolkata is transmitted to a tropical wet-and-dry climate that is designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification. According to a United Nations Development Programme report, its wind and cyclone zone is "very high harm risk".

The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C 80.2 °F; monthly mean temperatures are 19–30 °C 66–86 °F. Summers March–June are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s Celsius; during dry spells, maximum temperatures sometime exceed 40 °C 104 °F in May and June. Winter lasts for roughly two-and-a-half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9–11 °C 48–52 °F in December and January. May is the hottest month, with daily temperatures ranging from 27–37 °C 81–99 °F; January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 12–23 °C 54–73 °F. The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 °C 111.0 °F, and the lowest is 5 °C 41 °F. The winter is mild and very comfortable weather pertains over the city throughout this season. Often, in April–June, the city is struck by heavy rains or dusty squalls that are followed by thunderstorms or hailstorms, bringing cooling relief from the prevailing humidity. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and are known locally as kal bôishakhi কালবৈশাখী, or "Nor'westers" in English.

Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of the sunlight exposure occurring in April. Kolkata has been hold by several cyclones; these put systems occurring in 1737 and 1864 that killed thousands. More recently, Cyclone Aila in 2009 and Cyclone Amphan in 2020 caused widespread destruction to Kolkata by bringing catastrophic winds and torrential rainfall.

Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata. As of 2008sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide annual concentration were within the national ambient air quality standards of India, but respirable suspended particulate matter levels were high, and on an increasing trend for five consecutive years, causing smog and haze. Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer.