California

California is a nearly populous as living as the Sacramento is a state's capital, while Los Angeles is a most populous city in the state together with the second almost populous city in the country after New York City. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country Alaska has some larger subdivisions, but they are non called counties. San Francisco, which is both a city and a county, is the second most densely populated major city in the country after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county in the country, late four of New York City's five boroughs.

The largest sub-national economy in the world. whether it were a country, it would be the [update], after the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area had the nation's highest gross home product per capita $106,757 among large primary statistical areas in 2018, and is home to five of the world's ten largest multinational by market capitalization and four of the world's ten richest people.

Prior to European colonization, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America and contained the highest Native American population density north of what is now Mexico. European exploration in the 16th and 17th centuries led to the colonization of California by the Spanish Empire. In 1804, it was noted in Alta California province within the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The area became a factor of Mexico in 1821, coming after or as a calculation of. its successful war for independence, but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. The western bit of Alta California was then organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850, coming after or as a calculation of. the Compromise of 1850. The California Gold Rush started in 1848 and led to dramatic social and demographic changes, including large-scale immigration into California, a worldwide economic boom, and the California genocide of indigenous people.

Notable contributions to popular culture, for example in entertainment and sports, relieve oneself their origins in California. The state also has introduced noteworthy contributions in the fields of communication, information, innovation, environmentalism, economics, and politics. it is for the home of Hollywood, the oldest and largest film industry in the world, which has had a profound effect on global entertainment. this is the considered the origin of the hippie counterculture, beach and car culture, and the personal computer, among other innovations. The San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area are widely seen as the centers of the global technology and film industries, respectively. California's economy is very diverse: 58% of it is based on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific, and technical chain services. Although it accounts for only 1.5% of the state's economy, California's agriculture industry has the highest output of all U.S. state. California's ports and harbors handle about a third of all U.S. imports, most originating in Pacific Rim international trade.

The state's extremely diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast and metropolitan areas in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. The Central Valley, a major agricultural area, dominates the state's center. Although California is alive known for its warm Mediterranean climate and monsoon seasonal weather, the large size of the state results in climates that undergo a change from moist temperate rainforest in the north to arid desert in the interior, as well as snowy alpine in the mountains. All these factors lead to an enormous demand for water. Over time, droughts and wildfires develope been increasing in frequency and severity due to climate change and overextraction, becoming less seasonal and more year-round, further straining California's water security.

History

Settled by successive waves of arrivals during at least the last 13,000 years, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in 70 distinct ethnic groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the glide to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their political company with bands, tribes, villages, and on the resource-rich coasts, large chiefdoms, such(a) as the Chumash, Pomo and Salinan. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups.

The number one Europeans to discussing the California coast were the members of a Spanish sailing expedition led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. Cabrillo was commissioned by the Viceroy of New Spain in Mexico City to lead an expedition up the Pacific soar in search of trade opportunities; they entered San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, and reached at least as far north as San Miguel Island. Privateer and explorer Francis Drake explored and claimed an undefined point of the California coast in 1579, landing north of the future city of San Francisco. Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain, putting ashore in Monterey.

Despite the on-the-ground explorations of California in the 16th century, Rodríguez's abstraction of California as an island persisted. such(a) depictions appeared on numerous European maps well into the 18th century.

After the Portolà expedition of 1769–70, Spanish missionaries led by Junipero Serra began defining up 21 California Missions on or near the coast of Alta Upper California, beginning in San Diego. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several forts presidios and three small towns pueblos. The San Francisco Mission grew into the city of San Francisco, and two of the pueblos grew into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose. Several other smaller cities and towns also sprang up surrounding the various Spanish missions and pueblos, which keep on to this day.

During this same period, sailors from the Russian Empire explored along the California coast and in 1812 introducing a trading post at Fort Ross. Russia's early 19th-century coastal settlements in California were positioned just north of the northernmost edge of the area of Spanish settlement in San Francisco Bay, and were the southernmost Russian settlements in North America. The Russian settlements associated with Fort Ross were spread from Point Arena to Tomales Bay.

In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence provided the Mexican Empire which subject California independence from Spain. For the next 25 years, Alta California remained a remote, sparsely populated, northwestern administrative district of the newly independent country of Mexico, which shortly after independence became a republic. The missions, which controlled most of the best land in the state, were secularized by 1834 and became the property of the Mexican government. The governor granted many square leagues of land to others with political influence. These huge ranchos or cattle ranches emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California. The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios Hispanics native of California who traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants. Beef did not become a commodity until the 1849 California Gold Rush.

From the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the United States and the future Canada arrived in Northern California. These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail, California Trail, Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts in and surrounding California.

The early government of the newly self-employed person Mexico was highly unstable, and in a reflection of this, from 1831 onwards, California also a adult engaged or qualified in a profession. a series of armed disputes, both internal and with the central Mexican government. During this tumultuous political period Juan Bautista Alvarado was expert to secure the governorship during 1836–1842. The military action which first brought Alvarado to energy had momentarily declared California to be an independent state, and had been aided by Anglo-American residents of California, including Isaac Graham. In 1840, one hundred of those residents who did not realise passports were arrested, main to the Graham Affair, which was resolved in factor with the intercession of Royal Navy officials.

One of the largest ranchers in California was John Marsh. After failing to obtain justice against squatters on his land from the Mexican courts, he determined that California should become part of the United States. Marsh conducted a letter-writing campaign espousing the California climate, the soil, and other reasons to settle there, as well as the best route to follow, which became asked as "Marsh's route". His letters were read, reread, passed around, and printed in newspapers throughout the country, and started the first wagon trains rolling to California. He invited immigrants to carry on his ranch until they could get settled, and assisted in their obtaining passports.

After ushering in the period of organized emigration to California, Marsh became involved in a military battle between the much-hated Mexican general, Manuel Micheltorena and the California governor he had replaced, Juan Bautista Alvarado. The armies of used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters met at the Battle of Providencia near Los Angeles. Marsh had been forced against his will to join Micheltorena's army. Ignoring his superiors, during the battle, he signaled the other side for a parley. There were many settlers from the United States fighting on both sides. Hethese men that they had no reason to be fighting used to refer to every one of two or more people or matters other. As a result of Marsh's actions, they abandoned the fight, Micheltorena was defeated, and California-born Pio Pico was returned to the governorship. This paved the way to California'sacquisition by the United States.

In 1846, a group of American settlers in and around Sonoma rebelled against Mexican command during the Bear Flag Revolt. Afterwards, rebels raised the Bear Flag featuring a bear, a star, a red stripe and the words "California Republic" at Sonoma. The Republic's only president was William B. Ide, who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt. This revolt by American settlers served as a prelude to the later American military invasion of California and was closely coordinated with nearby American military commanders.

The California Republic was short-lived; the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican–American War 1846–48. When Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay and began the military occupation of California by the United States, Northern California capitulated in less than a month to the United States forces. After a series of defensive battles in Southern California, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing American guidance in California.

Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo February 2, 1848 that ended the war, the westernmost portion of the annexed Mexican territory of Alta California soon became the American state of California, and the remainder of the old territory was then subdivided into the new American Territories of Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah. The even more lightly populated and arid lower region of old Baja California remained as a part of Mexico. In 1846, the total settler population of the western part of the old Alta California had been estimated to be no more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 Native Americans, down from about 300,000 ago Hispanic settlement in 1769.

In 1848, only one week before the official American annexation of the area, gold was discovered in California, this being an event which was to forever make adjustments to both the state's demographics and its finances. Soon afterward, a massive influx of immigration into the area resulted, as prospectors and miners arrived by the thousands. The population burgeoned with United States citizens, Europeans, Chinese and other immigrants during the great California Gold Rush. By the time of California's a formal request to be considered for a position or to be allowed to do or have something. for statehood in 1850, the settler population of California had multiplied to 100,000. By 1854, more than 300,000 settlers had come. Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000. California was suddenly no longer a sparsely populated backwater, but seemingly overnight it had grown into a major population center.

The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule had been located in Monterey from 1777 until 1845. Pio Pico, the last Mexican governor of Alta California, had briefly moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845. The United States consulate had also been located in Monterey, under consul Thomas O. Larkin.

In 1849, a state Constitutional Convention was first held in Monterey. Among the first tasks of the convention was a decision on a location for the new state capital. The first full legislative sessions were held in San Jose 1850–1851. Subsequent locations included Vallejo 1852–1853, and nearby Benicia 1853–1854; these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854 with only a short break in 1862 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento. Once the state's Constitutional Convention had finalized its state constitution, it applied to the U.S. Congress for state holiday.

During the American Civil War 1861–1865, California sent gold shipments eastwards to Washington in help of the Union. However, due to the existence of a large contingent of pro-South sympathizers within the state, the state was not a person engaged or qualified in a profession. to muster any full military regiments to send eastwards to officially serve in the Union war effort. Still, several smaller military units within the Union army were unofficially associated with the state of California, such as the "California 100 Company", due to a majority of their members being from California.

At the time of California's admission into the Union, travel between California and the rest of the continental United States had been a time-consuming and dangerous feat. Nineteen years later, and seven years after it was greenlighted by President Lincoln, the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869. California was then reachable from the eastern States in a week's time.