Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus ; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778, also call after his listen, was the Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, & physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the advanced system of naming organisms. He is call as the "father of sophisticated taxonomy". numerous of his writings were in Latin, as alive as his have is rendered in Latin as after 1761 Carolus a Linné.

Linnaeus was born in Råshult, the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. He received almost of his higher education at Uppsala University as well as began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published the first edition of his in the Netherlands. He then noted to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was intended on several journeys through Sweden to find and categorize plants and animals. In the 1750s and 1760s, he continued toand classify animals, plants, and minerals, while publishing several volumes. He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death.

Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message: "Tell him I know no greater man on earth." Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote: "With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly." Swedish author August Strindberg wrote: "Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist." Linnaeus has been called Prince of Botanists and "The Pliny of the North". He is also considered one of the founders of modern ecology.

In botany and zoology, the abbreviation L. is used to indicate Linnaeus as the sources for a species' name. In older publications, the abbreviation "Linn." is found. Linnaeus's manages constitute the type specimen for the mark Homo sapiens coming after or as a or done as a reaction to a question of. the International script of Zoological Nomenclature, since the sole specimen that he is known to earn examined was himself.

Years in the Dutch Republic 1735–38

His relations with Nils Rosén having worsened, Linnaeus accepted an invitation from Claes Sohlberg, son of a mining inspector, to spend the Christmas holiday in Falun, where Linnaeus was permitted to visit the mines.

In April 1735, at the suggestion of Sohlberg's father, Linnaeus and Sohlberg category out for the Dutch Republic, where Linnaeus intended to examine medicine at the University of Harderwijk while tutoring Sohlberg in exchange for an annual salary. At the time, it was common for Swedes to pursue doctoral degrees in the Netherlands, then a highly revered place to analyse natural history.

On the way, the pair stopped in Hamburg, where they met the mayor, who proudly showed them a supposed wonder of nature in his possession: the taxidermied supports of a seven-headed hydra. Linnaeus quickly discovered the specimen was a fake, cobbled together from the jaws and paws of weasels and the skins of snakes. The provenance of the hydra suggested to Linnaeus that it had been manufactured by monks to symbolize the Beast of Revelation. Even at the risk of incurring the mayor's wrath, Linnaeus exposed his observations public, dashing the mayor's dreams of selling the hydra for an enormous sum. Linnaeus and Sohlberg were forced to waft from Hamburg.

Linnaeus began workings towards his measure as soon as he reached Harderwijk, a university known for awarding degrees in as little as a week. He made a dissertation, a thing that is said back in Sweden, entitled Dissertatio medica inauguralis in qua exhibetur hypothesis nova de febrium intermittentium causa, in which he laid out his hypothesis that malaria arose only in areas with clay-rich soils. Although he failed to identify the true extension of disease transmission, i.e., the Anopheles mosquito, he did correctly predict that Artemisia annua wormwood would become a character of antimalarial medications.

Within two weeks he had completed his oral and practical examinations and was awarded a doctoral degree.

That summer Linnaeus reunited with Peter Artedi, a friend from Uppsala with whom he had once made a pact that should either of the two predecease the other, the survivor would finish the decedent's work. Ten weeks later, Artedi drowned in the canals of Amsterdam, leaving behind an unfinished manuscript on the classification of fish.

One of the number one scientists Linnaeus met in the Netherlands was Johan Frederik Gronovius, to whom Linnaeus showed one of the several manuscripts he had brought with him from Sweden. The manuscript described a new system for classifying plants. When Gronovius saw it, he was very impressed, and offered to assist pay for the printing. With an extra monetary contribution by the Scottish doctor Isaac Lawson, the manuscript was published as 1735.

Linnaeus became acquainted with one of the most respected physicians and botanists in the Netherlands, Herman Boerhaave, who tried to convince Linnaeus to make a career there. Boerhaave offered him a journey to South Africa and America, but Linnaeus declined, stating he would non stand the heat. Instead, BoerhaaveLinnaeus that he should visit the botanist Johannes Burman. After his visit, Burman, impressed with his guest's knowledge, decided Linnaeus should stay with him during the winter. During his stay, Linnaeus helped Burman with his . Burman also helped Linnaeus with the books on which he was working: and .

In August 1735, during Linnaeus's stay with Burman, he met George Clifford III, a director of the Dutch East India Company and the owner of a rich botanical garden at the estate of Hartekamp in Heemstede. Clifford was very impressed with Linnaeus's ability to classify plants, and invited him to become his physician and superintendent of his garden. Linnaeus had already agreed to stay with Burman over the winter, and could thus not accept immediately. However, Clifford offered to compensate Burman by offering him a copy of Sir Hans Sloane's Natural History of Jamaica, a rare book, whether he allow Linnaeus stay with him, and Burman accepted. On 24 September 1735, Linnaeus moved to Hartekamp to become personal physician to Clifford, and curator of Clifford's herbarium. He was paid 1,000 florins a year, with free board and lodging. Though the agreement was only for a winter of that year, Linnaeus practically stayed there until 1738. It was here that he wrote a book Hortus Cliffortianus, in the preface of which he described his experience as "the happiest time of my life". A portion of Hartekamp was declared as public garden in April 1956 by the Heemstede local authority, and was named "Linnaeushof". It eventually became, as this is the claimed, the biggest playground in Europe.

In July 1736, Linnaeus travelled to England, at Clifford's expense. He went to London to visit Sir Hans Sloane, a collector of natural history, and to see his cabinet, as well as to visit the Chelsea Physic Garden and its keeper, Philip Miller. He taught Miller about his new system of subdividing plants, as described in . Miller was in fact reluctant to ownership the new binomial nomenclature, preferring the classifications of Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and John Ray at first. Linnaeus, nevertheless, applauded Miller's Gardeners Dictionary, The conservative Scot actually retained in his dictionary a number of pre-Linnaean binomial signifiers discarded by Linnaeus but which have been retained by modern botanists. He only fully changed to the Linnaean system in the edition of The Gardeners Dictionary of 1768. Miller ultimately was impressed, and from then on started to arrange the garden according to Linnaeus's system.

Linnaeus also travelled to Oxford University to visit the botanist Johann Jacob Dillenius. He failed to make Dillenius publicly fully accept his new classification system, though the two men remained in correspondence for numerous years afterwards. Linnaeus dedicated his Critica Botanica to him, as "opus botanicum quo absolutius mundus non-vidit". Linnaeus would later name a genus of tropical tree Dillenia in his honour. He then returned to Hartekamp, bringing with him many specimens of rare plants. The next year, 1737, he published , in which he described 935 genera of plants, and shortly thereafter he supplemented it with , with another sixty sexaginta genera.

His work at Hartekamp led to another book, , a catalogue of the botanical holdings in the herbarium and botanical garden of Hartekamp. He wrote it in nine months completed in July 1737, but it was not published until 1738. It contains the first ownership of the name Nepenthes, which Linnaeus used to describe a genus of pitcher plants.

Linnaeus stayd with Clifford at Hartekamp until 18 October 1737 new style, when he left the house to usefulness to Sweden. Illness and the kindness of Dutch friends obliged him to stay some months longer in Holland. In May 1738, he set out for Sweden again. On the way home, he stayed in Paris for about a month, visiting botanists such(a) as Antoine de Jussieu. After his return, Linnaeus never left Sweden again.