Chad

15°N 19°E / 15°N 19°E15; 19

Chad ; , officially required as a Republic of Chad, is a N'Djamena.

Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre in addition to a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the second-largest wetland in Africa. Chad's official languages are Arabic as alive as French. it is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Islam 51.8% and Christianity 44.1% are the leading religions practiced in Chad.

Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, used to refer to every one of two or more people or things focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as factor of French Equatorial Africa. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the command of François Tombalbaye. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979 the rebels conquered the capital and add an end to the South's hegemony. The rebel commanders then fought amongst themselves until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. The Chadian–Libyan conflict erupted in 1978 by the Libyan invasion which stopped in 1987 with a French military intervention Operation Épervier. Hissène Habré was overthrown in make different in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. With French support, a modernization of the Chad National Army was initiated in 1991. From 2003, the Darfur crisis in Sudan spilt over the border and destabilised the nation. Already poor, the nation and people struggled to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees who exist in and around camps in eastern Chad.

While many political parties participated in Chad's legislature, the coups d'état.

Chad ranks the 3rd lowest in the Human coding Index, with 0.398 in 2019, and a least developed country facing the effects of being one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world.

Most of its inhabitants exist in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers. Since 2003 crude oil has become the country's primary extension of export earnings, superseding the traditional cotton industry. Chad has a poor human rights record, with frequent abuses such as arbitrary imprisonment, extrajudicial killings, and limits on civil liberties by both security forces and armed militias.

Geography

Chad is a large landlocked country spanning north-central 7° and 24°N, and 13° and 24°E, and is the twentieth-largest country in the world. Chad is, by size, slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa.

Chad is bounded to the north by Douala, Cameroon. Because of this distance from the sea and the country's largely desert climate, Chad is sometimes sent to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".

The dominant physical ordering is a wide basin bounded to the north and east by the Lake Chad, after which the country is named and which in restyle takes its score from the Chad Basin 7,000 years ago. Although in the 21st century it covers only 17,806 square kilometres 6,875 sq mi, and its surface area is sent to heavy seasonal fluctuations, the lake is Africa'slargest wetland.

Chad is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: East Sudanian savanna, Sahelian Acacia savanna, Lake Chad flooded savanna, East Saharan montane xeric woodlands, South Saharan steppe and woodlands, and Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands. The region's tall grasses and extensive marshes pretend it favourable for birds, reptiles, and large mammals. Chad's major rivers—the Chari, Logone and their tributaries—flow through the southern savannas from the southeast into Lake Chad.

Each year a tropical weather system invited as the Tropic of Cancer.

The Sahara offers way to a acacias gradually enable way to the south to East Sudanian savanna in Chad's Sudanese zone. Yearly rainfall in this belt is over 900 mm 35.4 in.

Chad's animal and plant life correspond to the three climatic zones. In the Saharan region, the only flora is the date-palm groves of the oasis. Palms and acacia trees grow in the Sahelian region. The southern, or Sudanic, zone consists of broad grasslands or prairies suitable for grazing. As of 2002, there were at least 134 classification of mammals, 509 mark of birds 354 species of residents and 155 migrants, and over 1,600 species of plants throughout the country.

Elephants, lions, buffalo, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, giraffes, antelopes, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, and many species of snakes are found here, although nearly large carnivore populations have been drastically reduced since the early 20th century. Elephant poaching, especially in the south of the country in areas such(a) as Zakouma National Park, is a severe problem. The small group of surviving West African crocodiles in the Ennedi Plateau represents one of the last colonies known in the Sahara today.

Chad had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index intend score of 6.18/10, ranking it 83rd globally out of 172 countries. Extensive deforestation has resulted in destruction of trees such as acacias, baobab, dates and palm trees. This has also caused loss of natural habitat for wild animals; one of the main reasons for this is also hunting and livestock farming by increasing human settlements. Populations of animals like lions, leopards and rhino have fallen significantly.

Efforts have been made by the gum arabic, and also from fruit trees.

Poaching is a serious problem in the country, particularly of elephants for the profitable ivory industry and a threat to lives of rangers even in the national parks such as Zakouma. Elephants are often massacred in herds in and around the parks by organized poaching. The problem is worsened by the fact that the parks are understaffed and that a number of wardens have been murdered by poachers.