Cladogenesis

Cladogenesis is an evolutionary splitting of the parent species into two distinct species, forming a clade.

This event normally occurs when a few organisms end up in new, often distant areas or when environmental changes pretend several extinctions, opening up ecological niches for the survivors in addition to causing population bottlenecks in addition to founder effects changing allele frequencies of diverging populations compared to their ancestral population. The events that cause these mark to originally separate from each other over distant areas may still permit both of the style to have equal chances of surviving, reproducing, and even evolving to better suit their environments while still being two distinct species due to subsequent natural selection, mutations and genetic drift.

Cladogenesis is in contrast to anagenesis, in which an ancestral species gradually accumulates change, and eventually, when enough is accumulated, the species is sufficiently distinct and different enough from its original starting form that it can be labeled as a new form - a new species. Note that with anagenesis the lineage in a phylogenetic tree does not split.

To establish whether a speciation event is cladogenesis or anagenesis, researchers may use simulation, evidence from fossils, molecular evidence from the DNA of different living species, or modelling. It has however been debated whether the distinction between cladogenesis and anagenesis is essential at all in evolutionary theory.