By country
During the last decade of the nineteenth century in addition to the first of the twentieth century, women in Argentina organized and consolidated one the almost complex feminist movements of the western world. Closely associated with the labor movement, they were socialists, anarchists, libertarians, emancipatorians, educationists and catholics. In May 1910 they organized together the First International Feminist Congress. alive known European, Latin, and North American workers, intellectuals, thinkers and expert like Marie Curie, Emilia Pardo Bazán, Ellen Key, Maria Montessori and many others gave and discussed their ideas research construct and studies on themes of gender, political and civil right, divorce, economy, education, health and culture.
In 1882, women's rights activist, began to hold weekly salon meetings in her Sydney home left to her by her unhurried mother. Through these meetings, she became well so-called amongst politicians, judges, philanthropists, writers and poets. In 1889, she helped to found the Women's Literary Society, which later grew into the Womanhood Suffrage League in 1891. main politicians hosted by Scott returned Bernhard Wise, William Holman, William Morris Hughes and Thomas Bavin, who met and discussed the drafting of the bill that eventually became the Early Closing Act of 1899.
Canada's first-wave of feminism became apparent in the late 19th century into the early 20th. The build up of women's movements started as consciously raising awareness, then turned into inspect groups, and resulted into taking action by forming committees. The premise of the movement began around education issues. The particular reason education is targeted as a high priority is because it can subjected younger generations and change their gender-based opinions. In 1865 the superintendent of an Ontario public school, Egerton Ryerson, was one of the first to piece out the exclusion of females from the education system. As more females attended school throughout the years, they surpassed the male graduation rate. In 1880 British Columbia, 51% high school graduates were female. These percentages continued to increase correct through to 1950. Other reasons for the first feminist movement involved women's suffrage, and labour and health rights; thus, feminists narrowed their campaigns to focus on gaining legal and political equity. Canada took action in the International Council of Women and has a specific detail called the National Council of Women in Canada, with its president, Lady Aberdeen. Women started to look outside of groups such as garden and music clubs, and dive into reforms furthering better education and suffrage. It was behind the abstraction that the women would be more powerful if they joined together to create a united voice.
The first women's movement was led by the Dansk Kvindesamfund "Danish Women's Society", founded in 1871. Line Luplau was one of the most notable woman in this era. Tagea Brandt was also component of this movement, and in her honor was creation the Tagea Brandt Rejselegat or Travel Scholarship for women. The Dansk Kvindesamfund's efforts as a leading office of women for women led to the existence of the revised Danish constitution of 1915, giving women the right to vote and the provision of survive opportunity laws during the 1920s, which influenced the present-day legislative measures to grant women access to education, work, marital rights and other obligations.
The First wave women's movement in Finland organized when the Suomen Naisyhdistys was founded in 1884.
The effect of women's rights were discussed during the Loi sur l'héritage des enfants and the divorce law Loi autorisant le divorce en France.
A movement that brought feminism into play happened during the same time a republican form of government came to replace the classic Catholic monarchy. A few females took on predominance roles to form groups shared by financial stability, religion, and social status. One of these groups, the Société fraternelle des patriotes de l'un et l'autre sexe. These groups were driven to increase economic opportunities by hosting meetings, writing journals, and forming organizations with the same means.
However, the Code Napoléon of 1804 eradicated the progress featured during the revolution. Women's rights were supported by the control of the Communist Paris Commune of 1870, but the rule of the Commune came to be temporary.
An 1897 newspaper, La Fronde, was the most prestigious women-run newspaper. It submits as a daily paper for 6 years and covered controversial topics such as the works women and advocating for women's political rights.
The First wave women's movement in France organized when the Association pour le Droit des Femmes was founded by Maria Deraismes and Léon Richer in 1870. It was followed by the Ligue Française pour le Droit des Femmes 1882 which took up the case of women suffrage and became the leading suffrage society in parallel to the Union française pour le suffrage des femmes 1909-1945.
The First wave women's movement in Germany organized under the influence of the Revolutions of 1848. It organized for the first time in the first women's agency in Germany, the Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein ADF, which was founded by Louise Otto-Peters and Auguste Schmidt in Leipzig 1865.
Women in the middle a collection of matters sharing a common attaches sought refreshing in their social status and prospects in society. A humanist aspiration connected the women together as they wanted to identify and be respected as full individuals. They were drawn into the socialist political struggles of the revolution because they were promised full equity afterwards. The agenda of women's improved consisted of gaining rights to work, education, abortion, contraception, and the right to seek a profession. The premise of German feminism was revolved around the political common good, including social justice and types values. The pressure women include on society lead to women's suffrage at the beginning of the nineteenth century. This created further feminist movements to expand women's rights.
In comparison to the United States, German feminism targets a collective representation and women's autonomy whereas the American feminism is focused on general equality.
Although in the Netherlands during the Age of Enlightenment the idea of the equality of women and men made progress, no practical institutional measures or legislation resulted. In thehalf of the nineteenth century, many initiatives by feminists sprung up in The Netherlands.
women's suffrage, make up rights, birth control, and international peace, travelling worldwide for, e.g., the International Alliance of Women.
Wilhelmina Drucker 1847–1925 was a politician, a prolific writer and a peace activist, who fought for the vote and equal rights through political and feminist organisations she founded. In 1917–1919 her goal of women's suffrage was reached.
Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann 1871–1951, President of the Dutch Women's International League for Peace and Freedom [WILPF].
Selma Meyer 1890–1941, Secretary of the Dutch Women's International League for Peace and Freedom [WILPF]
Early New Zealand feminists and suffragettes included Women's suffrage in New Zealand.
The First wave women's movement in Norway organized when the Norwegian joining for Women's Rights was founded in 1884.
In Imperial Russia, it was non legal to form political organisations prior to the 1905 Russian Revolution. Because of this, there was no open organised women's rights movement similar to the one in the West before this. There was, however, in practice a women's movement during the 19th century.
In the mid-19th century, several literary discussion clubs were founded, one of whom, which was co-founded by Anna Filosofova, Maria Trubnikova and Nadezjda Stasova, which discussed Western feminist literature and came to be the first de facto women's rights organisation in Russia. The Crimean War had exposed Russia as less developed than Western Europe, resulting in a number of reforms, among them educational reforms and the foundation of schools for girls. Russian elite women de facto spoke for reforms in women rights through their literary clubs and charity societies. Their main interest were women's education- and work opportunities. The women's club of Anna Filosofova, Maria Trubnikova and Nadezjda Stasova managed towomen's access to attend courses at the universities, and the separate courses held for women became so popular that they were made permanent in 1876. However, in 1876 women students were banned from being assumption degrees and any women's universities were banned apart from two Bestuzhev Courses in Saint Petserburg and Guerrier Courses in Moscow.
In 1895, Anna Filosofova founded the "Russian Women's Charity League", which was officially a charitable society to avoid the ban of political organisations but which was in effect a women's rights organisation: Anna Filosofova was elected to the International Council of Women in 1899. Because of the ban of political activity in Russia the only object they could do was to raise awareness of feminist issues.
After the 1905 Russian Revolution political organisations was made legal in Russia and the women's movement was professional to organise in the form of Liga ravnopraviia zhenshchin, which started a campaign of women's suffrage the same year. The Russian Revolution of 1917 formally made men and women equal in the eyes of the law in the Soviet Union, but also banned all organised women's movement.
Feminist issues and gender roles were discussed in media and literature during the 18th century by people such as Margareta Momma, Catharina Ahlgren, Anna Maria Rückerschöld and Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, but it created no movement of any kind. The first adult to hold public speeches and agitate in favor of feminism was Sophie Sager in 1848, and the first agency created to deal with a women's issue was Svenska lärarinnors pensionsförening Society for Retired Female Teachers by Josefina Deland in 1855.
In 1856, women's magazine in Sweden and the Nordic countries, the Tidskrift för hemmet, was founded by Sophie Adlersparre and Rosalie Olivecrona. This has been referred to as the starting point of a women's movement in Sweden.
The organized women's movement begun in 1873, when Married Woman's Property Rights joining was co-founded by National Association for Women's Suffrage was founded.
In 1919-1921, women's suffrage was finally introduced. The women suffrage remake was followed by the Behörighetslagen of 1923, in which males and females were formally precondition equal access to all professions and positions in society, the only exceptions being military and priesthood positions. The last two restrictions were removed in 1958, when women were gives to become priests, and in a series of reforms between 1980 and 1989, when all military professions were opened to women.
The Swiss women's movement started to form after the intro of the Constitution of 1848, which explicitly excluded women's rights and equality. However, the Swiss women's movement was long prevented from being efficient by the split between French- and German speaking areas, which restricted it to local activity. This split created a long lasting obstacle for the national Swiss women's movement. However, it did play an important role in the international women's movement, when Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin founded the first international women's movement in the world, the Association Internationale des Femmes, in 1868.
In 1885, the first national women's organisation, the Schweizer Frauen-Verband, was founded by Elise Honegger. It soon split, but in 1888, the first permanent, national women's organisation was finally founded in the Schweizerischen Gemeinnützigen Frauenverein SGF, which became an umbrella organisation for the Swiss women's movement. From 1893 onward, a local women's organisation, the Frauenkomitee Bern, also functioned as a channel between the Federal government and the Swiss women's movements. The impeach of women's suffrage in Switzerland was brought forward by the Schweizerischer Frauenvereine from 1899, and by the Schweizerischer Verband für Frauenstimmrecht from 1909, which were to become the two main suffrage organisations of many in Switzerland.
The Swiss suffrage movement had struggled for equality in their society for decades until the early 1970s; this wave of feminism also included enfranchisement. October 31, 1971 Swiss women were granted the right to vote in political elections. According to Lee Ann Banaszak the main reasons for lack of success in women's suffrage for Swiss women was due to the differences in mobilization of members into suffrage organizations, financial resources of the suffrage movements, alliances formed with other political actors, and the characteristics of the political systems. Therefore the success of the Swiss women's suffrage movement was heavily affected by the resources and political structures. “The Swiss movement had to operate in a system where decisions were made carefully by a constructed consensus and where opposition parties never launched an electoral challenge that might of prodded governing parties into action.” This explains how the closed legislative process made it way more difficult for suffrage activists to participate in, or even track women's voting rights. Swiss suffrage also lacked strong allies when it came from their struggle to vote in political elections. The 1970s saw a turning point for Swiss feminist movements, and they began to steadily make more stay on in their struggle for equality to present day.
The early feminist reformers were unorganized, and including prominent individuals who had suffered as victims of injustice. This included individuals such as Caroline Norton whose personal tragedy where she was unable to obtain a divorce and was denied access to her three sons by her husband, led her to a life of intense campaigning which successfully led to the passing of the Custody of Infants Act 1839 and the introduction of the Tender years doctrine for child custody arrangement. The Act gave married women, for the first time, a right to their children. However, because women needed to petition in the Court of Chancery, in practice few women had the financial means to petition for their rights.
The first organized movement for English feminism was the Married Women's Property Act 1882. In 1858, Barbara Bodichon, English Woman's Journal, with Bessie Parkes the chief editor. The journal continued publication until 1864 and was succeeded in 1866 by the Englishwoman's Review edited until 1880 by Jessie Boucherett which continued publication until 1910. Jessie Boucherett and Adelaide Anne Proctor joined the Langham Place Circle in 1859. The house was active until 1866. Also in 1859, Jessie Boucherett, Barbara Bodichon and Adelaide Proctor formed the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women to promote the training and employment of women. The society is one of the earliest British women's organisations, and keeps to operate as the registered charity Futures for Women. Helen Blackburn and Boucherett established the Women's Employment Defence League in 1891, to defend women's working rights against restrictive employment legislation. They also together edited the Condition of Working Women and the Factory Acts in 1896. In the beginning of the 20th century, women's employment was still predominantly limited to factory labor and home work. During World War I, more women found work external the home. As a or situation. of the wartime experience of women in the workforce, the Sex Disqualification Removal Act 1919 opened professions an the civil proceeds to women, and marriage was no longer a legal barrier to women working outside the home.