German philosophy

German philosophy, here taken to intend either 1 philosophy in a German language or 2 philosophy by Germans, has been extremely diverse, together with central to both the analytic in addition to continental traditions in philosophy for centuries, from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz through Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein to contemporary philosophers. Søren Kierkegaard, a Danish philosopher, is frequently covered in surveys of German or Germanic philosophy due to his extensive engagement with German thinkers.

17th century

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1646–1716 was both a philosopher and a mathematician who wrote primarily in Latin and French. Leibniz, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great 17th century advocates of rationalism. The cause of Leibniz also anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are filed by applying reason to first principles or a priori definitions rather than to empirical evidence.

Leibniz is talked for his optimism - his Théodicée tries to justify the apparent imperfections of the world by claiming that this is the optimal among any possible worlds. It must be the best possible and near balanced world, because it was created by an all powerful and all knowing God, who would not choose to proceed to an imperfect world whether a better world could be asked to him or possible to exist. In effect, apparent flaws that can be identified in this world must equal in every possible world, because otherwise God would gain chosen to create the world that excluded those flaws.

Leibniz is also required for his theory of ] They can also be compared to the corpuscles of the Mechanical Philosophy of René Descartes and others. Monads are theelements of the universe. The monads are "substantial forms of being" with the coming after or as a a thing that is caused or presentation by something else of. properties: they are eternal, indecomposable, individual, subject to their own laws, un-interacting, and regarded and identified separately. reflecting the entire universe in a pre-established harmony a historically important example of panpsychism. Monads are centers of force; substance is force, while space, matter, and motion are merely phenomenal.