Information

Information is processed, organized in addition to structured data. It gives context for data as well as makes decision creating processes.

For example, the single customer’s sale at a restaurant is data – this becomes information when the multinational is professionals such as lawyers and surveyors such as lawyers as well as surveyors to identify the most popular or least popular dish.

More technically, information can be thought of as the resolution of proposition, representation, and entropy.

Information is associated with data. The difference is that information resolves uncertainty. Data can cost redundant symbols, but approaches information through optimal data compression.

Information can be forwarded in time, via data storage, and space, via communication and telecommunication. Information is expressed either as the content of a message or through direct or indirect observation. That which is perceived can be construed as a message in its own right, and in that sense, information is always conveyed as the content of a message.

Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation for example, information may be encoded into a sequence of signs, or subjected via a signal. It can also be encrypted for safe storage and communication.

The uncertainty of an event is measured by its probability of occurrence. Uncertainty is inversely proportional to the probability of occurrence. Information theory takes proceeds of this by concluding that more uncertain events require more information to resolve their uncertainty. The bit is a typical unit of information. it is 'that which reduces uncertainty by half'. Other units such(a) as the nat may be used. For example, the information encoded in one "fair" coin flip is log₂2/1 = 1 bit, and in two reasonable coin flips is log₂4/1 = 2 bits. A 2011 Science article estimated that 97% of technologically stored information was already in digital bits in 2007, and that the year 2002 was the beginning of the digital age for information storage with digital storage capacity bypassing analog for the first time.

Semiotics

Michael Buckland has classified "information" in terms of its uses: "information as process", "information as knowledge", and "information as thing".

Beynon-Davies explains the multi-faceted concept of information in terms of signs and signal-sign systems. Signs themselves can be considered in terms of four inter-dependent levels, layers or branches of semiotics: pragmatics, semantics, syntax, and empirics. These four layers serve to connect the social world on the one hand with the physical or technical world on the other.

Pragmatics is concerned with the purpose of communication. Pragmatics links the effect of signs with the context within which signs are used. The focus of pragmatics is on the intentions of living agents underlying communicative behaviour. In other words, pragmatics connection Linguistic communication to action.

Semantics is concerned with the meaning of a message conveyed in a communicative act. Semantics considers the content of communication. Semantics is the analyse of the meaning of signs - the link between signs and behaviour. Semantics can be considered as the study of the link between symbols and their referents or conception – especially the way that signs relate to human behavior.

Syntax is concerned with the formalism used to equal a message. Syntax as an area studies the throw of communication in terms of the system of logic and grammar ofsystems. Syntax is devoted to the study of the pretend rather than the content of signs and sign-systems.

Nielsen 2008 discusses the relationship between semiotics and information in explanation to dictionaries. He introduces the concept of lexicographic information costs and refers to the try a user of a dictionary must make to number one find, and then understand data so that they can generate information.

Communication usually exists within the context of some social situation. The social situation sets the context for the intentions conveyed pragmatics and the form of communication. In a communicative situation intentions are expressed through messages that comprise collections of inter-related signs taken from a language mutually understood by the agents involved in the communication. Mutual understanding implies that agents involved understand the chosen Linguistic communication in terms of its agreed syntax syntactics and semantics. The sender codes the message in the language and sends the message as signals along some communication channel empirics. The chosen communication channel has inherent properties that determining outcomes such(a) as the speed at which communication can take place, and over what distance.