Communication
Communication from Latin: communicare, meaning "to share" or "to be in explanation with" is "an apparent answer to the painful divisions between self & other, private as alive as public, & inner thought and outer world." As this definition indicates, communication is unoriented to define in a consistent manner, because in common use it refers to a very wide range of different behaviours involved in the propagation of information. John Peters argues the difficulty of establishment communication emerges from the fact that communication is both a universal phenomenon because everyone communicates and a particular discipline of institutional academic study.
One definitional strategy involves limiting what can be refers in the family of communication for example, requiring a "conscious intent" to persuade. By this logic, one possible definition of communication is the act of coding meaning among entities or groups through the ownership of sufficiently mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic conventions.
In Claude Shannon's and Warren Weaver's influential model, human communication was imagined to function like a telephone or telegraph. Accordingly, they conceptualized communication as involving discrete steps:
These elements are now understood to be substantially overlapping and recursive activities rather than steps in a sequence. For example, communicative actions can commence previously a communicator formulates a conscious try to pretend so, as in the case of phatics; likewise, communicators modify their intentions and formulations of a message in response to real-time feedback e.g., a conform in facial expression. Practices of decoding and interpretation are culturally enacted, not just by individuals genre conventions, for instance, trigger anticipatory expectations for how a message is to be received, and receivers of all message operationalize their own settings of credit in interpretation.
The scientific study of communication can be dual-lane into:
Communication can be realized visually through images and written language, through auditory, tactile/haptic e.g. Braille or other physical means, olfactory, electromagnetic, or biochemical means or any combination thereof. Human communication is unique for its extensive use of abstract language.
Communication models
Harold Lasswell was a major theorist in the world of communications. However previously then he was a political science student studying propaganda and public policy making at the University of Chicago studying under Charles Merriam Professor of political science. He graduated from University of Chicago in 1922 and received his PH.D in 1926. He completed his graduate studies from university of London, Paris, Berlin and Geneva. It was during his graduate studies he argued that the audience did not fully understand messages and did not work the almost informed choices in the political sphere. He explored propaganda through his doctoral dissertation "Propaganda Technique In the World War " 1927 which has become a part of communication theory.
He was a professor at Yale teaching law and political science from 1946 to 1970 as well at University of Chicago from 1922 to 1938. It was during his time at Yale, he developed the Laswell utility example of communication.
He is considered to be one of the primary founders of communication theories, he has a thing that is said 4 million to 6 million words in academic lifetime. He helped communications become a respected and legitimate study.
Harold Lasswell is invited for the Lasswell framework of communication, it is now used as an umbrella term for other models of communication due to its simplicities to permit for group and very different interpretations to theorize with. It was published in "The structure and Function of Communication in Society" essay in 1948. Lasswell was thinking about mass media and the role radio played in the 1930s. It was extremely popular after theworld war.
The Lasswell model is broken into five parts-the five W's, it focuses on the "who", "what", "whom", "which Channel" and "what effect". Lasswell brings up that there is three functions of communication, there is surveillance of the environment, correlation of components of society and cultural transmission between generation.
Who, Communication is not only one person, it is newspapers, websites, television stations and radio stations. This communication is developed by people who run this organized institutions, reporters, editors etc.
Says What, refers to analyzing and identifying the content that was given.
To Whom, who is the audience and how does the audience get this information,
Which Channel, refers to the media and how it is going to analyzed. The interactivity of Media
What effect, refers to what is taken from this portion of information
There are advantages as well as some critiques mentioned about the Lasswell Model. Some of the advantages are that the concept is easy and simple, it suits near breed of communication and its the main concept of effect.
Some scholars believe that the Lasswell model of communication is no longer relevant, although at the time it was extremely significant. The critiques that have been brought up for the Lasswell model is the concept of feedback not mention, and the concept of noise is not mentioned. It was there where other theories started to come out to make up for the Lasswells method not having these factors in it, specially the Shannon and Weaver model. Another critique was that the Lasswell model is a linear model, it goes against other vintage of communications that show that it is more of a back and forth experience. It also does not mention energy in the communication process. energy was highlighted specially in Sturat Halls methods and concepts. Hall took parts from the Lasswell method and started reworking it to fit the conception of power in media, who has power and what message are they putting out. Hall examines how we belief organizations and mass media and how they enforcemeanings to appease their agenda.
The number one major model for communication was made by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was intentional to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the element of a telephone a grown-up spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.
In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or specifics view of communication, information or content e.g. a message in natural language is sent in some form as spoken language from an emitter emisor in the picture/sender/encoder to a destination/receiver/decoder. This common conception of communication simply views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:
Shannon and Weaver argued that there were three levels of problems for communication within this theory.
Daniel Chandler critiques the transmission model by stating:
In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver's 1949 linear model of communication and created the SMCR Model of Communication. The Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of communication separated the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars.
Communication is commonly described along a few major dimensions: message what type of matters are communicated, source/emisor/sender/encoder from whom, form in which form, channel through which medium, destination/receiver/target/decoder to whom. Wilbur Schram 1954 also indicated that we should also study the impact that a message has both desired and undesired on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer cognition and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take numerous forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the institution communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity such as a corporation or group of beings.
Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission with three levels of semiotic rules:
Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. This usually held direction in some sense ignores autocommunication, including intrapersonal communication via diaries or self-talk, both secondary phenomena that followed the primary acquisition of communicative competences within social interactions.
In light of these weaknesses, Barnlund 2008 presentation a transactional model of communication. The basic premise of the transactional model of communication is that individuals are simultaneously engaging in the sending and receiving of messages.
In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. Thisattitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular spokesperson of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may refine depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may revise the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel air, in this case, reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may notthe desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two program books are, at the very least, similar whether not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.
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