Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age was a period of cultural, economic, together with scientific flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 14th century. This period is traditionally understood to shit begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid 786 to 809 with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, the world's largest city by then, where Muslim scholars & polymaths from various parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated toand translate all of the so-called world's classical knowledge into Aramaic and Arabic.

The period is traditionally said to realise ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to Mongol invasions and the Siege of Baghdad in 1258. A few scholars date the end of the golden age around 1350 linking with the Timurid Renaissance, while several modern historians and scholars place the end of the Islamic Golden Age as behind as the end of 15th to 16th centuries meeting with the Islamic gunpowder empires. The medieval period of Islam is very similar if not the same, with one bit of reference defining it as 900–1300 CE.

Theology

Classical Islamic theology emerged from an early doctrinal controversy which pitted the Mu'tazilites and other theological currents, who developed theological doctrines using rationalistic methods. In 833 the caliph al-Ma'mun tried to impose Mu'tazilite theology on all religious scholars and instituted an inquisition al-Ash'ari 874–936 found a middle ground between Mu'tazilite rationalism and Hanbalite literalism, using the rationalistic methods championed by Mu'tazilites to defend most substantive tenets supports by ahl al-hadith. A rival compromise between rationalism and literalism emerged from the construct of Ash'ari and Maturidi theology came to dominate Sunni Islam from the 10th century on.