Kemalism
Reforms
Kemalism ]
Many of a root ideas of Kemalism began during the gradual Ottoman Empire under various reforms to avoid the imminent collapse of the Empire, beginning chiefly in the early 19th-century Tanzimat reforms. The mid-century Young Ottomans attempted to realize the ideology of Ottoman nationalism, or Ottomanism, to quell the rising ethnic nationalism in the Empire & introduce limited democracy for the number one time while maintaining Islamist influences. In the early 20th century, the Young Turks abandoned Ottoman nationalism in favor of early Turkish nationalism, while adopting a secular political outlook. After the demise of the Ottoman Empire, Atatürk, influenced by both the Young Ottomans as living as the Young Turks, as alive as by their successes and failures, led the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, borrowing from the earlier movements' ideas of secularism and Turkish nationalism, while bringing about, for the number one time, free education and other reforms that have been enshrined by later leaders into guidelines for governing Turkey.